2019 Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview

2019 Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview - PDF Version (5.4 MB)

Date: September 2020

Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview 2019

This document was produced by the Public Safety Canada Portfolio Corrections Statistics Committee which is composed of representatives of Public Safety Canada, Correctional Service Canada, Parole Board of Canada, the Office of the Correctional Investigator and the Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics (Statistics Canada).

Preface
Contributing Partners
Section A. Context – Crime and the criminal justice system
Section B. Corrections administration
Section C. Offender population
Section D. Conditional release
Section E. Statistics on special applications of criminal justice
Section F. Victims of crime

Preface

This document provides a statistical overview of corrections and conditional release within a context of trends in crime and criminal justice. A primary consideration in producing this overview was to present general statistical information in a "user friendly" way that will facilitate understanding by a broad audience. Accordingly, there are several features of this document that make it different from typical statistical reports.

First, the visual representation of the statistics is simple and uncluttered, and under each chart there are a few key points that will assist the reader in extracting the information from the chart.
Second, for each chart there is a table of numbers corresponding to the visual representation. In some instances, the table includes additional numbers, e.g., a five-year series, even though the chart depicts the data for the most recent year (e.g., Figure A2).
Third, rather than using the conventional headings for statistics (e.g., "Police-reported crime rate by year by type of crime") the titles for each chart and table inform the reader about the matter at hand (e.g., "Police-reported crime rate has declined").
Fourth, notes have been kept to a minimum, that is, only where they were judged to be essential for the reader to understand the statistics.
Finally, the source of the statistics is indicated under each chart so that the interested reader can easily access more information if desired.

The Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview (CCRSO) has been published annually since 1998. Readers are advised that in some instances figures have been revised from earlier publications. Also, the total number of offenders will vary slightly depending on the characteristics of the data set.

Regarding police crime data from Statistics Canada, until the late 1980s, the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) survey provided aggregate counts of the number of incidents reported to police and the number of persons charged by type of offence. With the advent of microdata reporting, the UCR has become an "incident-based" survey (UCR2), collecting in-depth information about each criminal incident. The update to this new survey, as well as revisions to the definitions of violent crime, property crime, and other Criminal Code offences has resulted in data only being available from 1998 to the present. It is worth noting that the Total Crime Rates presented in the CCRSO differ from those reported by Statistics Canada in their publications. The Total Crime Rates reported in the CCRSO include offences (i.e., traffic offences in the Canadian Criminal Code and violations of federal statutes) that are excluded in the rates published by Statistics Canada.

The CCRSO serves as a useful source of statistical information on corrections and conditional release which assists the public in gaining a better understanding of these important components of the criminal justice system. The format of this document has been updated to optimize the user experience by implementing industry-standard data visualization techniques to improve accessibility and usability. For more information, see the Standard on Web Accessibility and the Standard on Web Usability.

To continually improve this annual publication, we welcome your comments by email at: PS.CPBResearch-RechercheSPC.SP@ps-sp.gc.ca

Contributing Partners

Public Safety Canada

Public Safety Canada is Canada's lead federal department for public safety, which includes emergency management, national security and community safety. Its many responsibilities include developing legislation and policies that govern corrections, implementing innovative approaches to community justice, and providing research expertise and resources to the corrections community.

Correctional Service Canada

The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) is the federal government agency responsible for administering sentences of a term of two years or more, as imposed by the courts. CSC is responsible for managing institutions of various security levels and supervising offenders under conditional release in the community.

Parole Board of Canada

The Parole Board of Canada is an independent administrative tribunal responsible for making decisions about the timing and conditions of release of offenders into the community on various forms of conditional release. The Board also makes pardon, record suspension and expungement decisions and recommendations respecting clemency through the Royal Prerogative of Mercy.

Office of the Correctional Investigator

The Office of the Correctional Investigator is an ombudsman for federal offenders. It conducts investigations into the problems of offenders related to decisions, recommendations, acts or omissions of the Correctional Service of Canada that affect offenders individually or as a group.

Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics (Statistics Canada)

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics (CCJCSS) is a division of Statistics Canada. The CCJCSS is the focal point of a federal-provincial-territorial partnership, known as the National Justice Statistics Initiative, for the collection of information on the nature and extent of crime and the administration of civil and criminal justice in Canada.

Section A. Context – Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Police-reported crime rate has declined

Table A1: Police-reported crime rate has declined
(Rate per 100,000 population)
Year	Violent	Property	Traffic	Other CCC*	Drugs	Other Fed. Statutes	Total Charged
	Type of Offence
1998	1,345	5,696	469	1,051	235	40	8,836
1999	1,440	5,345	388	910	264	44	8,391
2000	1,494	5,189	370	924	287	43	8,307
2001	1,473	5,124	393	989	288	62	8,329
2002	1,441	5,080	379	991	296	54	8,241
2003	1,435	5,299	373	1,037	274	46	8,464
2004	1,404	5,123	379	1,072	305	50	8,333
2005	1,389	4,884	378	1,052	290	60	8,053
2006	1,387	4,809	376	1,050	295	57	7,974
2007	1,354	4,525	402	1,029	308	59	7,677
2008	1,334	4,258	437	1,039	308	67	7,443
2009	1,322	4,122	435	1,017	291	57	7,244
2010	1,292	3,838	420	1,029	321	61	6,961
2011	1,236	3,536	424	1,008	330	60	6,594
2012	1,199	3,438	407	1,000	317	67	6,428
2013	1,096	3,154	386	956	310	52	5,954
2014	1,044	3,099	365	918	295	49	5,770
2015	1,070	3,231	353	930	280	51	5,915
2016	1,076	3,239	346	982	267	59	5,969
2017	1,113	3,266	343	997	254	69	6,042
2018	1,144	3,339	339	1,006	225	57	6,110

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

*"Other Criminal Code offences" (Other CCC) includes administration of justice violations, weapons/firearms violations, counterfeit, possession of, accessing, making or distribution of child pornography and prostitution.

The definitions for Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total Other Federal Statutes have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Rates are based on incidents reported per 100,000 population.

Crime rates are higher in the West and highest in the North

Figure A2

Crime rate per 100,000 population (2018)

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Crime rates are higher in the west and highest in the territories. This general pattern has been stable over time.
The Canadian crime rate slightly increased from 5,793 per 100,000 in 2014 to 6,123 in 2018.

Notes:

Rates are based on 100,000 population.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the Crime Rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada. In addition, the definitions for Violent, Property and Other Criminal Code offences have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Table A2: Crime rates are higher in the West and highest in the North
(Crime rate per 100,000 population (2018))
Province/Territory	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
	Crime Rate*
Newfoundland & Labrador	6,218	6,371	6,501	6,038	6,076
Prince Edward Island	5,364	4,750	5,013	4,708	5,363
Nova Scotia	6,253	5,727	5,590	5,728	5,663
New Brunswick	5,044	5,479	5,276	5,752	5,904
Quebec	4,349	4,252	4,233	4,332	4,169
Ontario	4,021	4,022	4,091	4,259	4,487
Manitoba	8,412	8,926	9,508	9,754	9,983
Saskatchewan	12,222	12,919	13,511	12,978	12,607
Alberta	8,034	8,917	9,026	9,329	9,308
British Columbia	8,492	8,608	8,489	8,102	8,210
Yukon Territories	26,203	25,795	23,543	22,214	21,628
Northwest Territories	46,659	47,230	43,320	44,492	45,695
Nunavut	32,715	34,483	35,935	36,906	39,637
Canada	5,793	5,934	5,987	6,057	6,123

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

*Rates are based on 100,000 population.

Canada has a below average incarceration rate across Western European countries

Figure A3

Prison population per 100,000 (2019)

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved February 20, 2020 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

Canada's incarceration rate is higher than the rates in most western European countries but much lower than the United States, where the most recent incarceration rate was 655 per 100,000 general population.
Based on the most up-to-date information available from the Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR), Canada's incarceration rate was 107 per 100,000. When ranked from highest to lowest, Canada's prison population rate was ranked 141 of 223 countries.
Finland's incarceration rate was 53 per 100,000, the lowest incarceration rate among western European countries.

Notes:

The incarceration rate, in this figure, is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population. Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief hosted by the Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. The data was retrieved online on February 20, 2020 from http://www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up to date information available. These data reflect incarceration rates based on the country's population. Additionally, different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

Table A3*: Canada has a below average incarceration rate across Western European countries
(Prison population rate per 100,000)
	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
United States	743	730	716	707	698	693	666	655	655
New Zealand	199	194	192	190	190	203	214	214	201
England & Wales	155	154	148	149	148	147	146	140	140
Scotland	155	151	147	144	144	142	138	143	149
Australia	133	129	130	143	151	152	168	172	170
Canada	117	114	118	118	106	114	114	114	107
Italy	110	109	106	88	86	90	95	98	101
Austria	104	104	98	99	95	93	94	98	98
France	102	102	101	102	100	103	103	100	105
Germany	87	83	79	81	78	78	77	75	77
Switzerland	79	76	82	87	84	83	82	81	81
Sweden	78	70	67	57	60	53	57	59	61
Denmark	74	74	73	67	61	58	59	63	63
Norway	73	73	72	75	71	74	74	63	60
Finland	59	59	58	55	57	55	57	51	53

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved February 20, 2020 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

Notes:

Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. For 2019, the data was retrieved online on February 20, 2020 at www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up to date information available. Additionally, different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures. Rates are based on 100,000 population.

*Table A3 and A4 display the same data.

Canada's incarceration rate has declined

Figure A4

Prison population rate per 100,000

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved February 20, 2020 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

Since 2011, Canada's incarceration rate has decreased 8.6%, from 117 per 100,000 to 107 per 100,000 in 2019. The largest decline during this period was in 2015, Canada's incarceration rate decreased 10.17% from 118 per 100,000 in 2014 to 106 per 100,000 in 2015.
Since 2011, the incarceration rate of the United States has steadily declined. It has decreased 11.8% from 743 per 100,000 in 2011 to 655 per 100,000 in 2019.
Over the same period, New Zealand's incarceration rate has increased 1.0% from 199 to 201 per 100,000. In 2017 and 2018, New Zealand's incarceration rate was at 214 per 100,000, an increase of 7.5% from 2011 (199 per 100,000). New Zealand's incarceration rate has since decreased 6.1% from 214 per 100,000 in 2018 to 201 per 100,000 in 2019.
Since 2011, the incarceration rates of Norway and Finland have remained stable.

Notes:

Table A4*: Canada's incarceration rate has declined
(Prison population rate per 100,000)
	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
United States	743	730	716	707	698	693	666	655	655
New Zealand	199	194	192	190	190	203	214	214	201
England & Wales	155	154	148	149	148	147	146	140	140
Scotland	155	151	147	144	144	142	138	143	149
Australia	133	129	130	143	151	152	168	172	170
Canada	117	114	118	118	106	114	114	114	107
Italy	110	109	106	88	86	90	95	98	101
Austria	104	104	98	99	95	93	94	98	98
France	102	102	101	102	100	103	103	100	105
Germany	87	83	79	81	78	78	77	75	77
Switzerland	79	76	82	87	84	83	82	81	81
Sweden	78	70	67	57	60	53	57	59	61
Denmark	74	74	73	67	61	58	59	63	63
Norway	73	73	72	75	71	74	74	63	60
Finland	59	59	58	55	57	55	57	51	53

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved February 20, 2020 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

Notes:

*Table A3 and A4 display the same data.

The rate of adults charged has declined

Figure A5

Rate per 100,000 adult population

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Since 2009, the rate of adults charged has decreased 10.5% from 2,152 adults per 100,000 to 1,927 in 2018.
Over the same period, the rate of adults charged with violent crimes has decreased by 10.6% from 585 adults per 100,000 to 523 in 2018.
Since 2009, the rate of adults charged for property offences decreased by 21.4% from 490 adults per 100,000 to 385 in 2018, whereas the rate of other Criminal Code offences* increased by 24.3% from 532 adults per 100,000 to 661 in 2018.

Notes:

*"Other Criminal Code offences" includes administration of justice violations, weapons/firearms violations, counterfeit, possession of, accessing, making or distribution of child pornography and prostitution.

The definitions for Violent, Property and Other Criminal Code offences have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment.

Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle thefts, other thefts, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

Table A5: The rate of adults charged has declined
(Rate per 100,000 adult population)
Year	Violent	Property	Traffic	Other CCC*	Drugs	Total Other Fed. Stat.	Total Charged
	Type of Offence
1998	563	677	374	430	168	12	2,224
1999	590	632	371	396	185	18	2,192
2000	615	591	349	411	198	16	2,180
2001	641	584	349	451	202	18	2,245
2002	617	569	336	460	199	18	2,199
2003	598	573	326	476	172	15	2,160
2004	584	573	314	490	187	22	2,170
2005	589	550	299	479	185	22	2,124
2006	594	533	300	498	198	20	2,143
2007	577	499	298	521	208	20	2,123
2008	576	487	307	540	207	22	2,139
2009	585	490	311	532	201	20	2,139
2010	576	473	295	545	211	22	2,122
2011	548	441	271	527	213	23	2,023
2012	541	434	269	536	203	25	2,008
2013	505	417	242	519	200	18	1,901
2014	489	399	233	520	191	13	1,845
2015	501	403	230	535	182	15	1,866
2016	511	381	222	609	171	18	1,912
2017	515	375	208	635	157	12	1,902
2018	523	385	203	661	138	13	1,923

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada

Notes:

*"Other Criminal Code offences" (Other CCC) includes administration of justice offences, counterfeit, weapons/firearms violations, possession of, accessing, making or distribution of child pornography and prostitution.

Rates are based on 100,000 population, 18 years of age and older. Due to rounding, rates may not add up to totals.

Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment.

Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

Impaired Driving, Common Assault and Theft are the three most frequent cases in adult courts

Figure A6

Percentage of Criminal Code and Other Federal Statute Charges (2017-18)

Source: Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Common Assault (Level 1) (10.1%), theft (9.4%) and impaired driving (10.1%) are the most frequent cases in adult courts.
Administration of justice cases (offences related to case proceedings such as failure to appear in court, failure to comply with a court order, breach of probation, and unlawfully at large) account for 21.2% of cases completed in adult criminal courts. Breach of probation (8.4%) and failure to comply with a court order (8.6%) combined account for 17% of total cases in adult court.

Notes:

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition. Where a case has more than one charge, it is necessary to select a charge to represent the case. An offence is selected by applying two rules. First, the "most serious decision" rule is applied. In cases where two or more offences have the same decision, the "most serious offence" rule is applied. All charges are ranked according to an offence seriousness scale. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

Table A6: Impaired Driving, Common Assault and Theft are the three most frequent cases in adult courts
Type of Charge	Criminal Code and Other Federal Statute Charges
Type of Charge	2015-16		2016-17		2017-18
	#	%	#	%	#	%
Crimes Against the Person	80,824	23.56	85,112	23.96	87,691	25.51
Homicide and Related	259	0.08	364	0.10	358	0.10
Attempted Murder	206	0.06	203	0.06	184	0.05
Robbery	3,358	0.98	3,576	1.01	3,436	1.00
Sexual Assault	2,844	0.83	3,109	0.88	3,201	0.93
Other Sexual Offences	3,695	1.08	3,950	1.11	4,253	1.24
Major Assault (Levels 2 & 3)	18,900	5.51	20,201	5.69	20,433	5.94
Common Assault (Level 1)	30,494	8.89	31,647	8.91	34,660	10.08
Uttering Threats	14,879	4.34	15,261	4.30	13,715	3.99
Criminal Harassment	3,345	0.98	3,538	1.00	3,681	1.07
Other Crimes Against Persons	2,844	0.83	3,263	0.92	3,770	1.10
Crimes Against Property	81,187	23.67	85,467	24.06	81,476	23.70
Theft	35,197	10.26	36,138	10.18	32,400	9.43
Break and Enter	9,325	2.72	9,968	2.81	9,529	2.77
Fraud	11,476	3.35	12,728	3.58	12,407	3.61
Mischief	12,411	3.62	12,955	3.65	13,024	3.79
Possession of Stolen Property	10,929	3.19	11,646	3.28	11,799	3.43
Other Property Crimes	1,849	0.54	2,032	0.57	2,317	0.67
Administration of Justice	78,195	22.79	80,940	22.79	72,849	21.19
Fail to Appear	4,113	1.20	4,442	1.25	4,037	1.17
Breach of Probation	30,396	8.86	30,955	8.72	28,726	8.36
Unlawfully at Large	2,591	0.76	2,693	0.76	2,853	0.83
Fail to Comply with Order	33,290	9.70	34,632	9.75	29,676	8.63
Other Admin. Justice	7,805	2.28	8,218	2.31	7,557	2.20
Other Criminal Code	18,552	5.41	20,447	5.76	23,022	6.70
Weapons	10,340	3.01	10,958	3.09	11,066	3.22
Prostitution	172	0.05	402	0.11	49	0.01
Disturbing the Peace	1,054	0.31	938	0.26	729	0.21
Residual Criminal Code	6,986	2.04	8,149	2.29	11,178	3.25
Criminal Code Traffic	46,086	13.43	45,833	12.90	43,730	12.72
Impaired Driving	36,308	10.58	35,993	10.13	34,633	10.08
Other CC Traffic	9,778	2.85	9,840	2.77	9,097	2.65
Other Federal Statutes	38,214	11.14	37,360	10.52	34,946	10.17
Drug Possession	12,517	3.65	10,675	3.01	8,496	2.47
Other Drug Offences	8,550	2.49	8,506	2.39	7,903	2.30
Residual Federal Statutes	17,147	5.00	18,179	5.12	18,547	5.40
Total Charges	343,058	100.00	355,159	100.00	343,714	100.00

Source: Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected. The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates. Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

Most adult custodial sentences ordered by the court are short

Figure A7

Length of prison sentence (2017-18)

Source: Table 35-10-0032-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Just under half (48.0%) of all custodial sentences imposed by adult criminal courts are one month or less. Prison sentences for men tend to be longer than for women. 63.0% of women and 50.5% of men who are incarcerated following a guilty* finding receive a sentence of one month or less, and 85.0% of women and 80.6% of men receive a sentence of six months or less.

Notes:

*The decision type "guilty" includes guilty of the offence, of an included offence, of an attempt of the offence, or of an attempt of an included offence. This category also includes cases where an absolute or conditional discharge has been imposed.

Excludes cases where length of prison sentence and/or sex was not known, data for Manitoba as information on sentence length was not available.

Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

Table A7: Most adult custodial sentences ordered by the court are short
Length of Prison Sentence	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18
	%	%	%	%	%
1 Month or Less
Women	63.1	62.7	64.4	63.7	63.0
Men	50.1	51.2	51.9	52.0	50.5
Total	47.7	48.6	49.4	49.4	48.0
More Than 1 Month up to 6 Months
Women	24.5	23.6	22.8	22.0	22.0
Men	32.2	31.1	30.4	29.9	30.1
Total	29.2	28.4	27.7	27.2	27.2
More Than 6 Months up to 12 Months
Women	3.9	3.7	3.3	3.3	3.6
Men	6.0	5.9	5.5	5.2	5.4
Total	5.5	5.4	5.0	4.7	4.9
More Than 1 Year up to Less Than 2 Years
Women	2.1	2.0	1.7	1.7	1.7
Men	3.7	3.3	3.3	3.0	3.1
Total	3.4	3.0	3.0	2.8	2.8
2 Years or More
Women	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.1	1.8
Men	3.9	3.5	3.6	3.4	3.6
Total	3.4	3.1	3.2	3.0	3.1

Source: Table 35-10-0032-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

Total includes the following categories: Males, Females, Company, and Sex Unknown.

Excludes cases where length of prison sentence and/or sex was not known, data for Manitoba as information on both sentence length was not available.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

Few cases with guilty findings result in admissions to federal jurisdiction

Figure A8

Sources: 1. Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada; 2. Table 35-10-0018-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada; 3. Correctional Service of Canada.

In 2017-18, there were 214,540 cases with guilty findings** in adult criminal court.
In 2017-18, there were 79,056 sentenced admissions to provincial/territorial custody, compared to 4,872 warrant of committal admissions for offenders sentenced to a federal institution or Healing Lodge.

Notes:

*2018-19 data is available for warrant of committal admissions to federal jurisdiction (CSC). In 2018-19, there were 4,749 warrant of committal admissions to a federal institution or Healing Lodge. During the preparation of this report, other sources were unable to provide 2018-19 data therefore, 2017-18 data are displayed for all sources.

This figure only includes cases in provincial court and partial data from Superior Court. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court

Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

Court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

There is a lag in the data entry of admissions into CSC's Offender Management System. The admission figures for the most recent year are under-reported by 200-400 at the time of our year end extraction. More accurate figures will be available in the next year's publication. Please use caution when including the most recent year in any trend analysis.

Table A8: Few cases with guilty findings result in admissions to federal jurisdiction
	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
Total Case Decisions* in Adult Criminal Court¹	346,571	344,234	356,170	344,585	Not available***
Cases with Guilty** Findings in Adult Criminal Court¹	222,064	221,848	224,410	214,540	Not available***
Total Cases without Guilty Findings in Criminal Court¹	124,507	122,386	131,760	130,045	Not available***
Acquitted¹	11,839	11,086	13,029	12,532	Not available***
Stayed or withdrawn¹	108,562	107,036	114,554	113,469	Not available***
Other decisions¹	4,106	4,264	4,177	4,044	Not available***
Sentenced Admissions to Provincial/Territorial Custody²	62,279	62,771	84,543	79,056	Not available***
Warrant of Committal-Admission to FED (CSC)³	4,817	4,890	4,907	4,872	4,749

Sources:

¹Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada;

²Table 35-10-0018-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada;

³Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition.

**The decision type "guilty" includes guilty of the offence, of an included offence, of an attempt of the offence, or of an attempt of an included offence. This category also includes cases where an absolute or conditional discharge has been imposed. This figure only includes cases convicted in provincial court and partial data from Superior Court. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

Police data are reported on a calendar year basis whereas court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

***Data from 2018-19 were not yet released during the preparation of this report.

The rate of youth charged has declined over the past ten years

Figure A9

Rate per 100,000 youth population

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Since 2009, the rate of youth* charged has decreased 47.8%, from 3,294 per 100,000 youth to 1,719 in 2018.
Since 2009, the rate of youth charged with property crimes has decreased by 64.4%, dropping from 1,143 per 100,000 youth to 407 in 2018. Over the same time period, other Criminal Code offences** decreased by 39.1% from 698 per 100,000 youth to 425 in 2018.
The rate of youth charged with violent crimes has decreased by 24.8% since 2009, dropping from 888 per 100,000 youth to 668 in 2018.

Notes:

*For criminal justice purposes, youth are defined under Canadian law as persons age 12 to 17.

**"Other Criminal Code offences" includes administration of justice violations, weapons/firearms violations, counterfeit, possession of, accessing, making or distribution of child pornography and prostitution.

Rates are based on 100,000 youth population (12 to 17 years old). Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment. Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson. Unlike Statistics Canada, the Total Crime Rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada. In addition, the definitions for Violent, Property and Other Criminal Code offences have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Table A9: The rate of youth charged has declined over the past ten years
(Rate per 100,000 youth population)
Year	Violent	Property	Traffic**	Other CCC*	Drugs	Total Other Fed. Stat.	Total Charged
	Type of Offence
1998	994	2,500	--	870	226	4	4,594
1999	1,060	2,237	--	728	266	2	4,293
2000	1,136	2,177	--	760	317	4	4,394
2001	1,157	2,119	--	840	343	6	4,465
2002	1,102	2,009	--	793	337	6	4,247
2003	953	1,570	--	726	208	5	3,462
2004	918	1,395	--	691	230	5	3,239
2005	924	1,276	--	660	214	10	3,084
2006	917	1,216	--	680	240	16	3,069
2007	943	1,211	75	732	260	17	3,238
2008	909	1,130	74	730	267	19	3,129
2009	888	1,143	68	698	238	30	3,065
2010	860	1,035	62	669	255	31	2,912
2011	806	904	58	636	263	31	2,698
2012	765	842	58	629	240	20	2,554
2013	692	722	45	554	229	10	2,252
2014	625	625	42	526	198	6	2,022
2015	614	603	44	518	159	10	1,948
2016	634	503	40	512	135	11	1,795
2017	668	459	37	482	117	6	1,769
2018	668	407	33	425	90	5	1,628

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

**Data for Youth Charged and Youth Not Charged for Impaired Driving are not available prior to 2007. As a result, comparisons to Total Charged and Other CCC (including traffic) over time should be made with caution.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the Total Crime Rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada. In addition, the definitions for Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total Other Federal Statutes have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview. Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment. Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

For criminal justice purposes, youth are defined under Canadian law as persons age 12 to 17.

Rates are based on 100,000 youth population (12 to 17 years old).

The most common youth court case is common assault

Figure A10

Percentage of all Criminal Code and Other Federal Statute Charges (2017-18)

Source: Table 35-10-0038-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Following the enactment of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003, fewer youth appear in court.
Common Assault was the most common case in youth court (10.5%), closely followed by theft (10.2%).
Homicides and related offences account for 0.1% of all youth cases.
Females account for 20% of all cases, but they account for 32% of common assaults.

Notes:

"Administration of Justice" includes the offences failure to appear, breach of probation, and unlawfully at large.

"Youth Criminal Justice Act offences" include failure to comply with a disposition or undertaking, contempt against youth court, assisting a youth to leave a place of custody and harbouring a youth unlawfully at large. Also included are similar offences under the Young Offenders Act, which preceded the Youth Criminal Justice Act.

"Drug Offences" includes possession and other drug offences.

Table A10: The most common youth court case is common assault
	Number of Youth Court Cases
	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18
Crimes Against the Person	11,985	9,984	9,653	9,917	10,395
Homicide and Attempted Murder	53	49	55	54	41
Robbery	1,934	1,481	1,475	1,516	1,618
Sexual Assault/Other Sexual Offences	1,453	1,330	1,442	1,536	1,658
Major Assault	2,462	2,136	2,094	2,149	2,126
Common Assault	3,664	2,796	2,586	2,641	2,894
Other Crimes Against the Person*	2,419	2,192	2,001	2,021	2,058
Crimes Against Property	13,668	11,016	10,652	9,627	8,490
Theft	4,751	3,670	3,671	3,280	2,796
Break and Enter	3,096	2,559	2,386	2,193	1,823
Fraud	478	376	377	423	389
Mischief	2,546	2,158	2,091	1,819	1,660
Possession of Stolen Property	2,361	1,901	1,817	1,621	1,466
Other Crimes Against Property	436	352	310	291	356
Administration of Justice	4,352	3,630	3,394	3,113	2,492
Failure to Comply with Order	2,900	2,390	2,209	2,067	1,573
Other Administration of Justice**	1,452	1,240	1,185	1,046	919
Other Criminal Code	2,232	2,086	1,946	1,888	1,833
Weapons/Firearms	1,492	1,425	1,406	1,408	1,407
Prostitution	11	15	7	14	3
Disturbing the Peace	86	64	65	50	33
Residual Criminal Code	643	582	468	416	390
Criminal Code Traffic	657	566	569	554	483
Other Federal Statutes	7,480	6,392	5,504	4,609	3,794
Drug Possession	2,331	1,788	1,551	1,129	917
Other Drug Offences	1,003	933	725	653	538
Youth Criminal Justice Act***	3,981	3,525	3,094	2,701	2,295
Residual Federal Statutes	165	146	134	126	44
Total	40,374	33,674	31,718	29,708	27,487

Source: Table 35-10-0038-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

*"Other Crimes Against the Person" includes the offences uttering threats and criminal harassment.

**"Other Administration of Justice" includes the offences failure to appear, breach of probation, and unlawfully at large.

***"Youth Criminal Justice Act offences" include failure to comply with a disposition or undertaking, contempt against youth court, assisting a youth to leave a place of custody and harbouring a youth unlawfully at large. Also included are similar offences under the Young Offenders Act, which preceded the Youth Criminal Justice Act.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition. Where a case has more than one charge, it is necessary to select a charge to represent the case. An offence is selected by applying two rules. First, the "most serious decision" rule is applied. In cases where two or more offences have the same decision, the "most serious offence" rule is applied. All charges are ranked according to an offence seriousness scale. The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

The most common sentence for youth is probation

Figure A11

Percentage of youth court sentence

Source: Table 35-10-0041-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Consistent with the objectives of the Youth Criminal Justice Act, fewer youth are sentenced to custody. In 2017-18, 12.6% of all guilty cases resulted in the youth being sentenced to custody.
In 2017-18, 50.2% of youth found guilty were given probation as the most serious sentence. This rate has remained relatively stable since the implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in April 2003.
Of the new Youth Criminal Justice Act sentences, deferred custody and supervision orders were handed down least frequently. In 2017-18, 4.8% of all guilty cases received such an order as the most serious sentence.

Notes:

"Other Sentence" includes absolute discharge, restitution, prohibition, seizure, forfeiture, compensation, pay purchaser, essays, apologies, counselling programs and conditional discharge, conditional sentence, intensive support and supervision, attendance at non-residential program(s) and reprimand. This category also includes intensive support and supervision, attendance at non-residential program(s) and reprimand where sentencing data under the Youth Criminal Justice Act are not available.

Unlike previous years, this data represents the most serious sentence and therefore, sanctions are mutually exclusive. However, each case may receive more than one sentence.

Table A11: The most common sentence for youth is probation
Type of Sentence	Gender	Year
Type of Sentence	Gender	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18
		%	%	%	%	%
Probation	Female	49.2	47.6	47	50.1	47.7
	Male	48.4	48.6	47.5	50.4	50.9
	Total	48.5	48.4	47	49.6	50.2
Custody	Female	10.8	11.7	11.9	7.5	8.8
	Male	16.3	15.9	16.5	13.6	13.4
	Total	14.9	14.9	15.5	13	12.6
Community Service Order	Female	9.1	9.5	8.5	9.2	9.2
	Male	7.9	8.4	7.9	8.1	7.3
	Total	8.5	8.6	8.5	8.7	8.3
Fine	Female	2.3	2.5	2.6	2.2	2
	Male	2.8	2.4	2.5	2.1	2
	Total	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.2	2
Deferred Custody and Supervision	Female	4.1	3.1	3.7	3.3	3.4
	Male	4.7	4.2	4.5	4.8	5.3
	Total	4.5	3.9	4.3	4.5	4.8
Other Sentence	Female	24.5	25.6	26.3	27.7	28.9
	Male	19.9	20.5	21.1	21	21.1
	Total	20.9	21.8	22.2	22	22.1

Source: Table 35-10-0041-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

Unlike previous years, this data represents the most serious sentence and therefore, sanctions are mutually exclusive. However, each case may receive more than one sentence.

Section B. Corrections Administration

Expenditures on corrections has increased

Figure B1

Sources: Correctional Service Canada; Parole Board of Canada; Office of the Correctional Investigator; Statistics Canada Consumer Price Index. Provincial figures derived from Table 35-10-0013-01, the Adult Correctional Services Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

In 2017-18, expenditures on federal corrections in Canada totaled approximately $2.68 billion, an 11.0% increase from 2016-17.
Provincial/territorial expenditures totaled about $2.55 billion in 2017-18, an increase of 4.6% from 2016-17.
Since 2008-09, expenditures on federal corrections have increased by 17.8%, from $2.27 billion to $2.68 billion. In constant dollars, this represents an increase of 20.4%.
Over the same time period, provincial/territorial expenditures increased by 43.4% from $1.78 billion to $2.55 billion. In constant dollars, this represents an increase of 46.5%.

Notes:

Adjusted costs are reported in constant dollars. Constant dollars (2002) represent dollar amounts calculated on a one-year base that adjusts for inflation, allowing the yearly amounts to be directly comparable. Changes in the Consumer Price Index were used to calculate constant dollars.

Federal expenditures on corrections include spending by Correctional Service Canada (CSC), the Parole Board of Canada (PBC), and the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI). Total expenditures represent gross expenditures and exclude revenues. Operating costs include Employee Benefit Plan expenditures. CSC expenditures exclude CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within penitentiaries). Provincial/Territorial expenditures do not include capital costs.

Table B1: Expenditures on corrections has increased
Year	Current Dollars				Constant 2002 Dollars
Year	Operating	Capital	Total	Per capita	Operating	Capital	Total	Per capita
	$'000			$	$'000			$
2013-14
CSC	2,371,700	378,372	2,750,072	78.22	2,161,429	344,826	2,506,256	70.48
PBC	50,400	- -	50,400	1.43	45,932	- -	45,932	1.29
OCI	4,946	- -	4,946	0.14	4,507	- -	4,507	0.13
Total	2,427,046	378,372	2,805,418	79.79	2,211,869	344,826	2,556,695	71.90
2014-15
CSC	2,373,604	200,606	2,574,210	72.42	2,144,868	181,274	2,326,142	64.93
PBC	50,100	- -	50,100	1.41	45,272	- -	45,272	1.26
OCI	4,659	- -	4,659	0.13	4,210	- -	4,210	0.12
Total	2,428,363	200,606	2,628,969	73.96	2,194,350	181,274	2,375,624	66.32
2015-16
CSC	2,189,101	168,684	2,357,785	65.77	1,986,217	153,051	2,139,268	59.00
PBC	46,300	- -	46,300	1.29	42,009	- -	42,009	1.16
OCI	4,656	- -	4,656	0.13	4,224	- -	4,224	0.12
Total	2,240,057	168,684	2,408,741	67.19	2,032,450	153,051	2,185,501	60.28
2016-17
CSC	2,209,048	153,757	2,362,804	65.12	2,031,172	141,376	2,172,548	59.17
PBC	46,800	- -	46,800	1.29	43,032	- -	43,032	1.17
OCI	4,693	- -	4,693	0.13	4,315	- -	4,315	0.12
Total	2,260,541	153,757	2,414,297	66.53	2,078,519	141,376	2,219,894	60.46
2017-18
CSC	2,442,488	185,624	2,628,112	70.57	2,248,407	170,874	2,419,282	64.97
PBC	47,700	- -	47,700	1.28	43,910	- -	43,910	1.18
OCI	4,631	- -	4,631	0.12	4,263	0	4,263	0.11
Total	2,494,819	185,624	2,680,443	71.98	2,296,580	170,874	2,467,454	66.26

Sources: Correctional Service Canada; Parole Board of Canada; Office of the Correctional Investigator; Statistics Canada Consumer Price Index.

Notes:

Due to rounding, constant dollar amounts may not add up to "Total".

Per capita cost is calculated by dividing the total expenditures by the total Canadian population and thus represents the cost per Canadian for federal correctional services.

Constant dollars represent dollar amounts calculated on a one-year base (2002) that adjusts for inflation allowing the yearly amounts to be directly comparable. Changes in the Consumer Price Index were used to calculate constant dollars.

CSC employees are concentrated in custody centres

Figure B2

At the end of fiscal year (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has a total staff of 17,101.
Approximately 77% of CSC staff work in institutions.
Staff employed in community supervision account for 9% of the total.

Notes:

CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent indeterminate and term equal to, or more than 3 months of substantive employment; and employee status of active and paid leave current up to March 31, 2019.

Due to rounding, the percentage may not add to 100.

Table B2: CSC employees are concentrated in custody centres
Service Area	March 31, 2009		March 31, 2019
	#	%	#	%
Headquarters and Central Services	2,609	15.8	2,522	14.7
Administration	2,198	13.3	2,169	12.7
Health Care	111	0.7	78	0.5
Program Staff	108	0.7	61	0.4
Correctional Officers	44	0.3	37	0.2
Instructors/Supervisors	17	0.1	9	0.1
Parole Officers/Parole Supervisors	2	0	1	0
Other**	129	0.8	167	1
Custody Centres	12,590	76.1	13,122	76.7
Correctional Officers	6,382	38.6	7,262	42.5
Administration	2,126	12.9	1,785	10.4
Health Care	988	6	938	5.5
Program Staff	839	5.1	883	5.2
Parole Officers/Parole Supervisors*	727	4.4	611	3.6
Instructors/Supervisors	444	2.7	401	2.3
Other**	1,084	6.6	1,242	7.3
Community Supervision	1,337	8.1	1,457	8.5
Parole Officers/Parole Supervisors	714	4.3	763	4.5
Administration	336	2	368	2.2
Program Staff	198	1.2	244	1.4
Correctional Officers	18	0.1	0	0
Health Care	69	0.4	79	0.5
Other**	2	0	3	0
Total***	16,536	100	17,101	100

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

Due to changes in policy, Correctional Officers no longer occupy positions in the community.

*These parole officers are situated within institutions, with the responsibility of preparing offenders for release.

**The "Other" category represents job classifications such as trades and food services.

***CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent indeterminate and term equal to, or more than 3 months of substantive employment; and employee status of active and paid leave current up to March 31, 2019.

Due to rounding, the percentage may not add to 100.

The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has increased

Figure B3

Federal average daily inmate cost (current $)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

The federal average daily inmate cost has increased from $316 in 2013-14 to $344 in 2017-18. In 2017-18, the annual average cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated was $125,466 per year, an increase from $115,310 per year in 2013-14. In 2017-18, the annual average cost of keeping a man incarcerated was $121,339 per year, whereas the annual average cost for incarcerating a woman was $212,005.
The cost associated with maintaining an offender in the community is 74% less than what it costs to maintain an offender in custody ($32,327 per year versus $125,466 per year).

Notes:

The average daily inmate cost includes those costs associated with the operation of the institutions such as salaries and employee benefit plan contributions, but excludes capital expenditures and expenditures related to CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within federal institutions).

Total incarcerated and community includes additional NHQ & RHQ administrative costs which are not part of the Institutional and/or Community calculations. Offenders in the Community includes: Offenders on conditional release, statutory release or with Long-Term Supervision Order, under CSC supervision.

Figures may not add due to rounding.

Table B3: The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has increased
Categories	Annual Average Cost per Offender (current $)
Categories	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18
Incarcerated Offenders
Maximum Security (men only)	156,768	160,094	155,848	158,113	169,367
Medium Security (men only)	101,583	105,750	106,868	105,349	115,263
Minimum Security (men only)	83,182	86,613	81,528	83,450	86,603
Women's Facilities	219,884	213,800	192,742	191,843	212,005
*Exchange of Services Agreements (both)	108,388	111,839	114,974	122,998	114,188
Incarcerated Average	115,310	119,152	116,364	116,473	125,466
Offenders in the Community	34,432	33,067	31,052	30,639	32,327
Total Incarcerated and Community	99,923	99,982	94,545	95,654	100,425

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*The intent of an Exchange of Service Agreement is to detail the roles and responsibilities of each jurisdiction and include specific protocols regarding per diem rates, offender information sharing, and invoicing pertaining to the reciprocal exchange of offenders between jurisdictions.

Figures may not add due to rounding.

The number of Parole Board of Canada employees

Figure B4

Full-time equivalents – 10-year trend

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

The higher number of full-time equivalents used by the Parole Board of Canada in 2013-14 and 2014-15 were related to temporary human resources hired to work on clearing the Pardons backlog which accumulated prior to the user fee increase.

Note:

A full-time equivalent is a measure of the extent to which an employee represents a full person-year charge against a departmental budget. Section 103 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act limits the Parole Board of Canada to 60 full-time members.

Table B4: The number of Parole Board of Canada employees
	Full Time Equivalents
	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
Program Activity
Conditional Release Decisions	325	322	321	317	316
Conditional Release Openness and Accountability	54	42	44	42	43
Record Suspension and Clemency Recommendations	69	52	59	48	58
Internal Services	47	59	56	64	64
Total	495	475	480	471	481
Types of Employees
Full-time Board Members	42	41	39	38	41
Part-time Board Members	18	18	17	20	19
Staff	435	416	424	413	421
Total	495	475	480	471	481

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Note:

The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator

Figure B5

Full-time equivalents

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

In 2018-19, the total number of full-time equivalents at the Office of the Correctional Investigator increased by 3 (1 in Senior Management and Investigative Services, 2 in Internal Services) from 36 (2017-18) to 39 employees total.

Notes:

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Table B5: The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator
	Full Time Equivalents
	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
Types of Employees
Correctional Investigator	1	1	1	1	1
Senior Management and Investigative Services	23	26	26	26	29
Internal Services	4	4	4	4	4
Legal Counsel, Policy and Research	4	5	5	5	5
Total	32	36	36	36	39

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

Health care is the most common area of offender complaint received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator

Figure B6

Ten most common complaints in 2018-19

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

There were 5,113 complaints/enquiries received at the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) in 2018-19.
Health care (13.5%), conditions of confinement (11.9%), staff (9.8%), and cell effects (8.0%), accounted for 43.2% of all complaints.

Notes:

The values for 2018-19 are accurate at the time of reporting, but may change in subsequent reports as some pending cases are processed in the following fiscal year.

Table B6: Health care is the most common area of offender complaint received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator
Category of Complaint*	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
	Number of Complaints
Health Care	816	911	903	838	691
Conditions of Confinement	616	808	761	770	607
Staff	422	429	408	530	501
Cell Effects	360	426	497	412	407
Transfer	474	370	439	353	334
Administrative Segregation	383	272	269	223	187
Visits	244	290	285	214	192
Outside OCI Jurisdiction	238	245	259	193	128
Telephone	278	224	187	169	183
Grievance	195	188	173	177	127
Safety/Security of Offender(s)	143	197	208	127	177
Request for Information	181	152	213	126	159
Financial Matters	180	199	170	107	111
Programs	123	161	202	138	112
Correspondence	149	165	167	149	84
Security Classification	145	143	135	129	102
Case Preparation	137	102	115	55	73
Mental Health	77	133	122	76	59
Temporary Absence	98	100	93	74	65
Employment	70	90	112	100	54
Total of all categories**	6,382	6,651	6,844	5,846	5,113

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

Notes:

*These top categories of complaints are based on the sum totals for the five reported fiscal years between 2014-15 and 2018-19. The values for 2018-19 are accurate at the time of reporting, but may change in subsequent reports as some pending cases are processed in the following fiscal year.

**These totals represent all complaint categories.

Due to ongoing efforts at the OCI (Office of the Correctional Investigator) to streamline our administrative database and ensure accuracy in reporting, the numbers in this table will not always match those of past Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overviews, or OCI Annual Reports.

Excludes the 128 complaints received on issues outside the OCIs jurisdiction.

Section C. Offender Population

Offenders under the responsibility of CSC

Figure C1

Total offender population (2018-19)*

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Definitions:

Total Offender Population includes all active offenders, who are incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained, offenders who are actively supervised, and offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days.

In addition to the total offender population, there are excluded groups such as:

Federal jurisdiction offenders incarcerated in a Community Correctional Centre or in a non-CSC facility. Federal jurisdiction offenders deported /extradited including offenders for whom a deportation order has been enforced by Canada Border Services Agency. Federal offenders on bail which includes offenders on a judicial interim release; they have appealed their conviction or sentence and have been released to await the results of a new trial. Escaped includes offenders who have absconded from either a correctional facility or while on a temporary absence and whose whereabouts are unknown. Unlawfully at Large for 90 days or more. This includes offenders who have been released to the community on day parole, full parole, statutory release or a long-term supervision order for whom a warrant for suspension has been issued at least 90 days ago, but has not yet been executed.

CSC Facilities include all federal institutions and federally funded Healing Lodges.

Total Offender Population

In Custody includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

Actively Supervised includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole or statutory release, as well as those who are in the community on long-term supervision orders.

Temporarily Detained includes offenders who are physically held in a CSC facility or a non-CSC facility after being suspended for a breach of a parole condition or to prevent a breach of parole conditions.

Note:

*The definition of "offender population" changed from previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview (CCRSO). As such, comparisons to editions of the CCRSO prior to 2016 should be done with caution.

Table C1: Offenders under the responsibility of CSC
Status	Offenders under the responsibility of CSC (2018-19)
	#	%
In-Custody Population (CSC Facility)	14,149	60.3
Incarcerated in CSC Facility	13,363	57.0
Temporarily Detained in CSC Facility	786	3.3
In Community under Supervision	9,315	39.7
Temporarily Detained in Non-CSC Facility	159	0.7
Actively Supervised	9,156	39.0
Day Parole	1,666	7.1
Full Parole	4,408	18.8
Statutory Release	2,648	11.3
Long-Term Supervision Order	434	1.8
Total	23,464*	100.0

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Note:

*In addition to this total offender population, 289 offenders were on bail, 123 offenders had escaped, 201 offenders serving a federal sentence were in custody in a non-CSC facility, 325 offenders were unlawfully at large for 90 days or more, and 416 offenders were deported. The definition of "Offender Population" changed from previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview (CCRSO). As such, comparisons to editions of the CCRSO prior to 2016 should be done with caution.

The number of offenders in custody

Figure C2 (A)

Number of in-custody offenders in a CSC facility at fiscal year* end

Source: Correctional Service of Canada

Figure C2 (B)

Number of in-custody offenders in a provincial/territorial facility

Source: Table: 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The number of offenders in custody in a CSC facility has slightly increased. From 2009-10 to 2013-14, the in-custody population increased consistently but started to decline in 2014-15. There was a 0.4% increase in 2018-19.
The number of offenders in provincial/territorial custody has slightly decreased. From 2014-15 to 2017-18, the average provincial/territorial in-custody offender population has increased slightly (0.8%), from 24,455 to 24,658. The remand population increased by 13.0%, from 13,650 to 15,417 during this period.

Notes:

*The data reflect the number of offenders in custody at the end of each fiscal year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The term "In Custody in a CSC Facility" includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

Table C2: The number of offenders in custody
Year	In Custody Offenders					Total
	*In-Custody in a CSC Facility¹**	Provincial/Territorial²
	*In-Custody in a CSC Facility¹**	Sentenced	Remand	Other/Temporary Detention	Total
2009-10	14,197	10,045	13,739	308	24,092	38,289
2010-11	14,840	10,922	13,086	427	24,435	39,275
2011-12	15,131	11,138	13,369	308	24,814	39,945
2012-13	15,318	11,138	13,739	308	25,185	40,503
2013-14	15,342	9,888	11,494	322	21,704	37,046
2014-15	14,886	10,364	13,650	441	24,455	39,341
2015-16	14,712	10,091	14,899	415	25,405	40,117
2016-17	14,159	9,710	15,417	321	25,448	39,607
2017-18	14,092	9,543	15,417	303	24,658	38,750
2018-19	14,149	--	--	--	--	--

Sources: ¹Correctional Service of Canada; ²Table 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics.

Notes:

*The term "In Custody in a CSC Facility" includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

The figures for provincial and territorial offenders reflect annual average counts.

-- data not available.

The number of admissions to federal jurisdiction is decreasing

Figure C3

Number of admissions

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

After peaking at 8,155 in 2009-10, the number of admissions has decreased by 13.3% to 7,067 in 2018-19.
The number of warrant of committal admissions has fluctuated over the past decade but has declined by 11.0% compared to the highest point which occurred in fiscal year 2010-11.
The number of women admitted to federal jurisdiction under warrants of committal increased 4.1% from 343 in 2014-15 to 357 in 2018-19.

Notes:

"Other" includes transfers from other jurisdictions (exchange of services), terminations, transfers from foreign countries, and admissions where a release is interrupted as a consequence of a new conviction.

"Revocation" is when the Parole Board of Canada makes a decision to reincarcerate an offender who was on conditional release, prior to the end of their sentence.

"Warrant of Committal" is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

These numbers refer to the total number of admissions to a federal institution or Healing Lodge during each fiscal year and may be greater than the actual number of offenders admitted, since an individual offender may be admitted more than once in a given year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Table C3: The number of admissions to federal jurisdiction is decreasing
		2014-15			2015-16		2016-17		2017-18		2018-19
	Women			Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men
Warrant of Committal
1st Federal Sentence		302	3,308		348	3,321	377	3,355	326	3,278	322	3,287
2nd or Subsequent Federal Sentence		41	1,153		39	1,174	36	1,130	43	1,214	35	1,102
Provincial Sentence		0	13		1	7	1	8	1	10	0	3
Subtotal		343	4,474		388	4,502	414	4,493	370	4,502	357	4,392
Total		4,817			4,890		4,907		4,872		4,749
Revocations		123	2,380		149	2,327	132	2,014	149	1,981	147	2,103
Total		2,503			2,476		2,146		2,130		2,250
Other*		5	71		4	78	3	95	8	53	5	63
Total		76			82		98		61		68
Total Admissions		471	6,925		541	6,907	549	6,602	527	6,536	509	6,558
Total Admissions		7,396			7,448		7,151		7,063		7,067

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*"Other" includes transfers from other jurisdictions (exchange of services), terminations, transfers from foreign countries, and admissions where a release is interrupted as a consequence of a new conviction.

"Revocation" is when the Parole Board of Canada makes a decision to reincarcerate an offender who was on conditional release, prior to the end of their sentence.

"Warrant of Committal" is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Over the last ten years, the number of women admitted from the courts to federal jurisdiction has increased

Figure C4

Number of warrant of committal admissions for women

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

In the last ten years, the number of women admitted to federal jurisdiction on a warrant of committal increased 16.3% from 307 in 2009-10 to 357 in 2018-19. During the same time period, there was a decrease in the number of men admitted to federal jurisdiction on a warrant of committal from 4,833 in 2009-10 to 4,392 in 2018-19.
Overall, women continue to represent a small proportion of the total number of warrant of committal admissions (i.e., 7.5% in 2018-19).
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 701 women in custody within Correctional Service Canada facilities.

Note:

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Table C4: Over the last ten years, the number of women admitted from the courts to federal jurisdiction has increased
Year	Warrant of Committal Admissions				Total
Year	Women		Men		Total
	#	%	#	%
2009-10	307	6	4,833	94	5,140
2010-11	328	6.2	5,005	93.8	5,333
2011-12	337	6.7	4,694	93.3	5,031
2012-13	265	5.3	4,778	94.7	5,043
2013-14	312	6.2	4,759	93.8	5,071
2014-15	343	7.1	4,474	92.9	4,817
2015-16	388	7.9	4,502	92.1	4,890
2016-17	414	8.4	4,493	91.6	4,907
2017-18	370	7.6	4,502	92.4	4,872
2018-19	357	7.5	4,392	92.5	4,749

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Note:

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

About half of the total offender population in CSC facilities is serving a sentence of less than five years

Figure C5

Sentence length of total offender population (2018-19)*

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

In 2018-19, almost half (49.3%) of the total offender population was serving a sentence of less than 5 years with 23.3% serving a sentence between two years and less than three years.
Almost one quarter (24.3%) of the total offender population was serving an indeterminate sentence.** The total number of offenders with indeterminate sentences has increased 7.5% since 2014-15 from 5,316 to 5,713 in 2018-19.

Notes:

*Total Offender Population includes all active offenders, who are incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained, offenders who are actively supervised, and offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days.

**Indeterminate means that the offender's term of imprisonment does not have an end date. The parole Board of Canada reviews the case after seven years and every two years after that.

The group of offenders serving a sentence less than two years includes offenders transferred from foreign countries or offenders under a long-term supervision order who received a new sentence of less than two years.

Table C5: About half of the total offender population in CSC facilities is serving a sentence of less than five years
Sentence Length	2014-15		2015-16		2016-17		2017-18		2018-19
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
< than 2 years	287	1.2	306	1.3	307	1.3	348	1.5	307	1.3
2 years to < 3 years	5,241	22.8	5,367	23.3	5,391	23.4	5,412	23.3	5,457	23.3
3 years to < 4 years	3,631	15.8	3,503	15.2	3,377	14.7	3,378	14.5	3,436	14.6
4 years to < 5 years	2,422	10.5	2,393	10.4	2,382	10.3	2,342	10.1	2,368	10.1
5 years to < 6 years	1,672	7.3	1,692	7.3	1,691	7.3	1,674	7.2	1,711	7.3
6 years to < 7 years	1,104	4.8	1,136	4.9	1,143	5	1,186	5.1	1,172	5
7 years to < 10 years	1,788	7.8	1,805	7.8	1,810	7.9	1,811	7.8	1,857	7.9
10 years to < 15 years	936	4.1	940	4.1	951	4.1	979	4.2	998	4.3
15 years or more	564	2.5	522	2.3	501	2.2	474	2	445	1.9
Indeterminate	5,316	23.2	5,393	23.4	5,492	23.8	5,619	24.2	5,713	24.3
Total	22,961	100	23,057	100	23,045	100.0	23,223	100.0	23,464	100.0

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

Admission of older offenders to federal jurisdiction is increasing

Figure C6

Percentage of warrant of committal admissions (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

In 2018-19, 33.3% of offenders admitted on a warrant of committal to federal jurisdiction were between the ages of 20 and 29, and 31.3% were between 30 and 39 years of age.
The distribution of age upon admission is similar for both men and women.
The median age of the population upon admission in 2018-19 was 34, compared to a median age of 33 in 2009-10.
The number of offenders between the ages of 40 and 49 at admission decreased from 1,054 in 2009-10 to 871 in 2018-19, representing a 17.4% decrease.
The number of offenders between the ages of 50 and 59 at admission increased from 442 in 2009-10 to 498 in 2018-19 representing a 12.7% increase.

Notes:

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

Table C6: Admission of older offenders to federal jurisdiction is increasing
Age at Admission	2009-10						2018-19
Age at Admission	Women		Men		Total		Women		Men		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Under 18	0	0	1*	0	1*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18 and 19	4	1.3	178	3.7	182	3.5	3	0.8	58	1.3	61	1.3
20 to 24	54	17.6	876	18.1	930	18.1	46	12.9	575	13.1	621	13.1
25 to 29	66	21.5	880	18.2	946	18.4	81	22.7	880	20	961	20.2
30 to 34	49	16	729	15.1	778	15.1	69	19.3	767	17.5	836	17.6
35 to 39	43	14	569	11.8	612	11.9	47	13.2	603	13.7	650	13.7
40 to 44	35	11.4	564	11.7	599	11.7	33	9.2	445	10.1	478	10.1
45 to 49	24	7.8	431	8.9	455	8.9	32	9	361	8.2	393	8.3
50 to 59	27	8.8	415	8.6	442	8.6	34	9.5	464	10.6	498	10.5
60 to 69	4	1.3	149	3.1	153	3	12	3.4	169	3.8	181	3.8
70 and over	1	0.3	41	0.8	42	0.8	0	0	70	1.6	70	1.5
Total	307		4,833		5,140		357		4,392		4,749

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

*This offender was admitted to a youth correctional centre.

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

The average age at admission to federal jurisdiction is lower for Indigenous offenders

Figure C7

Percentage of warrant of committal admissions (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Of those offenders admitted on a warrant of committal to federal jurisdiction in 2018-19, 41.7% of Indigenous offenders were under the age of 30, compared to 32.0% of non-Indigenous offenders.
The median age of Indigenous offenders at admission was 32, compared to a median age of 35 for non-Indigenous offenders.
The median age of Indigenous women offenders at admission was 32, compared to a median age of 34 for non-Indigenous women offenders.

Notes:

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

Table C7: The average age at admission to federal jurisdiction is lower for Indigenous offenders
Age at Admission	2009-10						2018-19
Age at Admission	Indigenous		Non- Indigenous		Total		Indigenous		Non- Indigenous		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Under 18	1*	0.1	0	0	1*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18 and 19	59	5.2	123	3.1	182	3.5	25	2	36	1	61	1.3
20 to 24	262	23	668	16.7	930	18.1	199	15.6	422	12.2	621	13.1
25 to 29	246	21.6	700	17.5	946	18.4	308	24.1	653	18.8	961	20.2
30 to 34	173	15.2	605	15.1	778	15.1	239	18.7	597	17.2	836	17.6
35 to 39	135	11.8	477	11.9	612	11.9	186	14.6	464	13.4	650	13.7
40 to 44	121	10.6	478	12	599	11.7	117	9.2	361	10.4	478	10.1
45 to 49	83	7.3	372	9.3	455	8.9	87	6.8	306	8.8	393	8.3
50 to 59	48	4.2	394	9.9	442	8.6	83	6.5	415	11.9	498	10.5
60 to 69	11	1	142	3.6	153	3	26	2	155	4.5	181	3.8
70 and over	1	0.1	41	1	42	0.8	6	0.5	64	1.8	70	1.5
Total	1,140		4,000		5,140		1,276		3,473		4,749

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

*This offender was admitted to a youth correctional centre.

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

24% of the in-custody offender population is age 50 or over

Figure C8

Percentage of in-custody offender population (2018-19)* vs. Canadian adult population (2019)**

Sources: Correctional Service of Canada; Table 17-10-0005-01, Population estimates on July 1st (2019), by age and sex, Statistics Canada.

In 2018-19, 55.1% of in-custody offenders were under the age of 40.
In 2018-19, 24.4% of the in-custody offender population was aged 50 and over.
***The community offender population was older than the in-custody population; 38.7% of offenders in the community were aged 50 and over, compared to 24.4% of the in-custody offenders in this age group.

Notes:

*In-custody population includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

**2019 Annual Demographic Estimates, Demographic Division, Statistics Canada includes only those age 18 and older.

***In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

Due to rounding, percentage may not add to 100 percent.

Table C8: 24% of the in-custody offender population is age 50 or over
Age	In-Custody*		In Community Under Supervision**		Total		% of Canadian Adult Population***
	#	%	#	%	#	%		%
Under 18	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0		0.0
18 and 19	44	0.3	1	0.0	45	0.2		3.0
20 to 24	1,197	8.5	417	4.5	1,614	6.9		8.2
25 to 29	2,293	16.2	1,026	11.0	3,319	14.1		8.6
30 to 34	2,277	16.1	1,213	13.0	3,490	14.9		8.6
35 to 39	1,982	14.0	1,165	12.5	3,147	13.4		8.5
40 to 44	1,568	11.1	961	10.3	2,529	10.8		8.0
45 to 49	1,329	9.4	931	10.0	2,260	9.6		7.9
50 to 54	1,207	8.5	887	9.5	2,094	8.9		8.2
55 to 59	952	6.7	869	9.3	1,821	7.8		9.1
60 to 64	605	4.3	677	7.3	1,282	5.5		8.3
65 to 69	336	2.4	512	5.5	848	3.6		6.9
70 and over	359	2.5	656	7.0	1,015	4.3		14.8
Total	14,149	100.0	9,315	100.0	23,464	100.0		100.0

Sources: Correctional Service of Canada; Table 17-10-0005-01, Population estimates on July 1st (2019), by age and sex, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

**In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

Due to rounding, percentage may not add to 100 percent.

***2019 Annual Demographic Estimates, Demographic Division, Statistics Canada includes only those age 18 and older.

54% of offenders are Caucasian

Figure C9

Percentage of total offender population by self-reported race (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

The federal offender population is becoming more diverse, as evidenced by the decrease in the proportion of Caucasian offenders (from 60.4% in 2014-15 to 54.2% in 2018-19).
Between 2014-15 and 2018-19, the Indigenous population has increased by 18.1% (from 5,009 to 5,914).
Indigenous offenders represented 25.2% of the 2018-19 total federal offender population and 26.9% of 2018-19 warrant of committal admissions to federal jurisdiction.

Notes:

The data reflect all active offenders at the end of the fiscal year (April 1 – March 31), who are incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained, offenders who are actively supervised, and offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days.

The offenders themselves identify to which race they belong. The list of categories may not fully account for all races and the race grouping information has changed starting in 2012-13; therefore, the comparison of the information before and after 2012-13 should be done with caution.

According to the Correctional Service of Canada, "Indigenous" includes offenders who are Inuit, Innu, Métis and North American Indian. "Asian" includes offenders who are Arab, Arab/West Asian, Asian-East and Southeast, Asian-South, Asian West, Asiatic, Chinese, East Indian, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, South East Asian. "Hispanic" includes offenders who are Hispanic and Latin American. "Black" includes offenders who are black. "Other/Unknown" includes offenders who are European French, European-Eastern, European-Northern, European-Southern, European-Western, Multiracial/Ethnic, Oceania, British Isles, Caribbean, Sub-Sahara African, offenders unable to identify to one race, other and unknown.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

Table C9: 54% of offenders are Caucasian
	Total Offender Population
	2014-15		2018-19
	#	%	#	%
Indigenous	5,009	21.8	5,914	25.2
Inuit	236	1.0	198	0.8
Métis	1,381	6.0	1,723	7.3
North American Indian	3,392	14.8	3,993	17.0
Asian	1,318	5.7	1,250	5.3
Arab	155	0.7	179	0.8
Arab / West Asian	195	0.8	176	0.8
Asiatic*	272	1.2	377	1.6
Chinese	134	0.6	95	0.4
East Indian	13	0.1	13	0.1
Filipino	71	0.3	85	0.4
Japanese	5	0.0	8	0.0
Korean	21	0.1	12	0.1
South East Asian	273	1.2	184	0.8
South Asian	179	0.8	121	0.5
Black	1,895	8.3	1,692	7.2
Caucasian	13,870	60.4	12,713	54.2
Hispanic	250	1.1	267	1.1
Hispanic	6	0.0	7	0.0
Latin American	244	1.1	260	1.1
Other/Unknown	619	2.7	1,628	6.9
Total	22,961	100.0	23,464	100.0

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

*Total for Asiatic includes Asian-East and Southeast, Asian South, Asian West, and Asiatic.

The offenders themselves identify to which race they belong. The list of categories may not fully account for all races and the race groupings information has changed starting in 2012-13; therefore, the comparisons before and after 2012-13 should be done with caution.

According to the Correctional Service of Canada, "Indigenous" includes offenders who are Inuit, Innu, Métis and North American Indian. "Asian" includes offenders who are Arab, Arab/West Asian, Asian-East and Southeast, Asian-South, Asian West, Asiatic, Chinese, East Indian, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, South East Asian. "Asiatic" includes offenders who are Asian-East and Southeast, Asian-South, Asian West, and Asiatic. "Hispanic" includes offenders who are Hispanic and Latin American. "Black" includes offenders who are Black. "Other/Unknown" includes offenders who are European French, European-Eastern, European-Northern, European-Southern, European-Western, Multiracial/Ethnic, Oceania, British Isles, Caribbean, Sub-Sahara African, offenders unable to identify to one race, other and unknown.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

The religious identification of the offender population is diverse

Figure C10

Percentage of total offender population (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

The religious identification of the Offender population is diverse. While the proportion of offenders who identified as Christian still represented the majority, their proportions decreased from 55.3% in 2014-15 to 47.8% in 2018-19.
Religious identification was unknown for 13.4% of offenders, whereas 15.7% stated they had no religion.
Note that the religion groupings have changed in the 2018 publication to reflect the same groupings as Statistics Canada.

Notes:

Religious identification is self-declared by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution. A detailed breakdown of each religious category is available in the notes section on page 58.

Table C10: The religious identification of the offender population is diverse
	Total Offender Population
	2014-15		2018-19
	#	%	#	%
Buddhist	478	2.1	519	2.2
Christian	12,705	55.3	11,219	47.8
Hindu	40	0.2	64	0.3
Jewish	171	0.7	244	1.0
Muslim	1,280	5.6	1,695	7.2
Rastafarian	171	0.7	181	0.8
Sikh	155	0.7	183	0.8
Traditional Aboriginal Spirituality	1,276	5.6	1,591	6.8
Wicca/Pagan	170	0.7	352	1.5
Other Religions	488	2.1	579	2.5
No Religion Affiliation	3,808	16.6	3,695	15.7
Unknown	2,219	9.7	3,142	13.4
Total	22,961	100.0	23,464	100.0

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

Religious identification is self-declared by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution.

Buddhist includes offenders who are Buddhist, Mahayana Buddhist, Theravadan Buddhist and Vajrayana Buddhist. Christian includes offenders who are Amish, Anglican (Episcopal Church of England), Antiochian Orthodox, Apostolic Christian Church, Armenian Orthodox/Apostolic, Associated Gospel, Assyrian Chaldean Catholic, Baptist, Brethren In Christ, Bulgarian Orthodox, Canadian Reformed Church, Catholic- Greek, Catholic-Roman, Catholic-Ukranian, Catholic Non-Specific, Churches of Christ/Christian Churches, Charismatic, Christadelphian, Christian & Missionary Alliance, Christian Congregational, Christian Non Specific, Christian Or Plymouth Brethren, Christian Orthodox, Christian Reformed, Christian Reformed Church, Christian Science, Church of Christ Scientist, Church of God, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint, Community of Christ, Coptic Orthodox, Doukhobor, Dutch Reformed Church, Ethiopian Orthodox, Evangelical, Evangelical Free Church , Evangelical Missionary Church, Free Methodist, Free Reformed Church, Grace Communion International, Greek Orthodox, Hutterite, Iglesia Ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Macedonian Orthodox, Maronite, Melkite, Mennonite, Methodist Christian, Metropolitan Community Church, Mission de l'Esprit Saint, Moravian, Mormon (Latter Day Saints), Nazarene Christian, Netherlands Reformed, New Apostolic, Pentecostal (4-Square), Pentecostal Assembly of God, Pentecôtiste, Philadelphia Church of God, Presbyterian, Protestant Non-Specific, Quaker (Society of Friends), Reformed Christian, Romanian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Salvation Army, Serbian Orthodox, Seventh Day Adventist, Shaker, Swedenborgian (New Church), Syrian/Syriac Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic, Ukrainian Orthodox, United Church, United Reformed Church, Vineyard Christian Fellowship, Wesleyan Christian and Worldwide Church of God. Hindu includes offenders who are Hindu and Siddha Yoga. Jewish includes offenders who are Jewish Orthodox, Jewish Reformed and Judaism. Muslim includes offenders who are Muslim and Sufism. Rastafarian includes offenders who are Rastafarian. Sikh includes offenders who are Sikh. Traditional Aboriginal Spirituality includes offenders who are Aboriginal Spirituality Catholic, Aboriginal Spirituality Protestant, Native Spirituality, Catholic - Native Spirituality, Native Spirituality Protestant and Aboriginal Spirituality. Wiccan/Pagan includes offenders who are Asatru Paganism, Druidry Paganism, Pagan and Wicca. Other Religion includes offenders who are Baha'i, Eckankar, Gnostic, Independent Spirituality, Jain, Krishna, New Age, New Thought-Unity-Religious Science, Other, Pantheist, Rosicrucian, Satanist, Scientology, Shintoïste, Spiritualist, Taoism, Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, Unitarian, Visnabha and Zoroastrian. No religion Affiliation includes offenders who are Agnostic, Atheist, Humanist and offenders who have no religion affiliation.

The data reflect all active offenders, who are incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained, offenders who are actively supervised, and offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days.

The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

The proportion of Indigenous offenders in custody is higher than for non-Indigenous offenders

Figure C11

Percentage of in-custody offender population

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, the proportion of offenders in custody was 13.6% greater for Indigenous offenders (70.5%) than for non-Indigenous offenders (56.9%).
Indigenous women in custody represent 41.5% of all in-custody women while Indigenous men who were in custody represented 28.8% of all men in custody.
In 2018-19, Indigenous offenders represented 25.2% of the total offender population.
Indigenous offenders accounted for 29.5% of the in-custody population and 18.7% of the community population in 2018-19.

Notes:

In Custody includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Table C11: The proportion of Indigenous offenders in custody is higher than for non-Indigenous offenders
		In-Custody Population		In Community Under Supervision		Total
		#	%	#	%
Men
2015-16	Indigenous	3,532	73.2	1,293	26.8	4,825
	Non-Indigenous	10,485	61.8	6,468	38.2	16,953
	Total	14,017	64.4	7,761	35.6	21,778
2016-17	Indigenous	3,545	72.2	1,362	27.8	4,907
	Non-Indigenous	9,922	59.0	6,885	41.0	16,807
	Total	13,467	62.0	8,247	38.0	21,714
2017-18	Indigenous	3,647	71.4	1,464	28.6	5,111
	Non-Indigenous	9,769	58.4	6,946	41.6	16,715
	Total	13,416	61.5	8,410	38.5	21,826
2018-19	Indigenous	3,877	71.5	1,548	28.5	5,425
	Non-Indigenous	9,571	57.6	7,036	42.4	16,607
	Total	13,448	61.0	8,584	39.0	22,032
Women
2015-16	Indigenous	251	62.4	151	37.6	402
	Non-Indigenous	444	50.6	433	49.4	877
	Total	695	54.3	584	45.7	1,279
2016-17	Indigenous	253	61.0	162	39.0	415
	Non-Indigenous	439	47.9	477	52.1	916
	Total	692	52.0	639	48.0	1,331
2017-18	Indigenous	270	58.6	191	41.4	461
	Non-Indigenous	406	43.4	530	56.6	936
	Total	676	48.4	721	51.6	1,397
2018-19	Indigenous	291	59.5	198	40.5	489
	Non-Indigenous	410	43.5	533	56.5	943
	Total	701	49.0	731	51.0	1,432

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

In custody includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The majority of in-custody offenders are classified as medium security risk

Figure C12

Percentage of classified in-custody offenders (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Approximately two-thirds (63.6%) of offenders were classified as medium security risk.
Indigenous offenders were more likely to be classified to a medium or maximum security risk compared to non-Indigenous.
Compared to non-Indigenous offenders, a lower percentage of Indigenous offenders were classified as minimum security risk (17.7% vs. 23.7%) and a higher percentage were classified as medium (65.1% vs. 63.0%) and maximum (17.2% vs. 13.3%) security risk.

Note:

The data represent the offender security level decision as of end of fiscal year 2018-19.

Table C12: The majority of in-custody offenders are classified as medium security risk
Total of classified in-custody offenders (2018-19)
Security Risk Level	Indigenous		Non-Indigenous		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%
Minimum	687	17.7	2,138	23.7	2,825	21.9
Medium	2,523	65.1	5,677	63.0	8,200	63.6
Maximum	667	17.2	1,195	13.3	1,862	14.4
Total	3,877	100.0	9,010	100.0	12,887	100.0
Not Yet Determined	291		971		1,262

Total	4,168		9,981		14,149

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

The data represent the offender security level decision as of end of fiscal year 2018-19.

The "Not yet determined" category includes offenders who have not yet been classified.

In-custody includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

Admissions to federal jurisdiction with a life or indeterminate sentence has decreased

Figure C13

Number of warrant of committal admissions for life and indeterminate sentences

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

From 2009-10 to 2018-19, there was a decrease of 11.9% in the number of warrant of committal admissions to federal jurisdiction with a life/indeterminate* sentence from 194 to 171.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were a total of 3,684 offenders in custody with a life/indeterminate sentence. Of these, 3,548 (96.3%) were men and 136 (3.7%) were women; 998 (27.1%) were Indigenous and 2,686 (72.9%) were non-Indigenous.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, 24.3% of the total population was serving a life/indeterminate sentence. Of these offenders, 64.5% were in custody and 35.5% were in the community under supervision.

Notes:

*Although life sentences and indeterminate sentences both may result in imprisonment for life, they are different. A life sentence is a sentence of life imprisonment, imposed by a judge at the time of sentence, for example for murder. An indeterminate sentence is a result of a designation, where an application is made to the court to declare an offender a Dangerous Offender, and the consequence of this designation is imprisonment for an indeterminate period.

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Table C13: Admissions to federal jurisdiction with a life or indeterminate sentence has decreased
Year	Indigenous Offenders			Non-Indigenous Offenders			Total
Year	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
2009-10	5	48	53	8	133	141	13	181	194
2010-11	3	35	38	6	130	136	9	165	174
2011-12	6	47	53	11	109	120	17	156	173
2012-13	6	47	53	2	116	118	8	163	171
2013-14	7	39	46	7	121	128	14	160	174
2014-15	1	37	38	8	120	128	9	157	166
2015-16	5	50	55	6	125	131	11	175	186
2016-17	1	40	41	11	132	143	12	172	184
2017-18	6	72	78	10	134	144	16	206	222
2018-19	5	45	50	4	117	121	9	162	171

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

This table combines offenders serving life sentences and offenders serving indeterminate sentences.

Although life sentences and indeterminate sentences both may result in imprisonment for life, they are different. A life sentence is a sentence of life imprisonment, imposed by a judge at the time of sentence, for example for murder. An indeterminate sentence is a result of a designation, where an application is made to the court to declare an offender a Dangerous Offender, and the consequence of this designation is imprisonment for an indeterminate period.

A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Offenders with life or indeterminate sentences represents 24% of the total offender population

Figure C14

Sentence imposed for the total offender population (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 5,713 offenders serving a life sentence and/or an indeterminate sentence. This represents 24.3% of the total offender population. The majority (64.5%) of these offenders were in custody. Of the 2,029 offenders who were in the community under supervision, the majority (80.8%) were serving a life sentence for 2nd Degree Murder.
There were 22 offenders who were serving both a life sentence and an indeterminate sentence.*
There were 651 offenders who were serving an indeterminate sentence as a result of a special designation. The remaining 5,040 offenders did not receive a special designation, but were serving a life sentence.
95.3% of the 635 Dangerous Offenders with indeterminate sentences were in custody and 4.7% were in the community under supervision.
In contrast, 57.1% of the 14 Dangerous Sexual Offenders were in custody and all (2) of the offenders with an Habitual Offender designation were in the community under supervision (in this table there is one offender with an Habitual Offender designation included in the Designation and Life grouping, this offender was in the community under supervision as well).

Notes:

Total Offender Population includes all active offenders, who are incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained, offenders who are actively supervised, and offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days. In Custody includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility. In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by the Canada Border Services Agency.

Table C14: Offenders with life or indeterminate sentences represents 24% of the total offender population
Total offender population (2018-19)
	Total Offender Population		In Custody in a CSC Facility	In Community Under Supervision
	Total Offender Population		Incarcerated	Day Parole	Full Parole	Other***
	#	%
Offenders with a life sentence for:
1st Degree Murder	1,270	5.4	1,002	59	209	0
2nd Degree Murder	3,571	15.2	1,932	248	1,391	0
Other Offences*	199	0.8	117	7	75	0
Total	5,040	21.5	3,051	314	1,675	0
Offenders with indeterminate sentences resulting from the special designation of:
Dangerous Offender	635	2.7	605	14	16	0
Dangerous Sexual Offender	14	0.1	8	1	5	0
Habitual Offender	2	0	0	0	2	0
Total	651	2.8	613	15	23	0
Offenders serving an indeterminate sentence (due to a special designation) and a life sentence (due to an offence)	22	0.1	20	0	2	0
Total offenders with Life and/or Indeterminate sentence	5,713	24.3	3,684	329	1,700	0
Offenders Serving Determinate sentences**	17,751	75.7	10,465	1,363	2,729	3,194
Total	23,464	100	14,149	1,692	4,429	3,194

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

*"Other offences" include Schedule I Schedule II and Non-Schedule types of offences.

**This includes 170 offenders designated as Dangerous Offenders who were serving determinate sentences.

***"Other" in the Community Under Supervision includes offenders on statutory release or on a long-term supervision order.

Among the 22 offenders serving an indeterminate sentence (due to a special designation) and a life sentence (due to an offence), there was one offender with an Habitual Offender designation.

70% of offenders are serving a sentence for a violent offence

Figure C15

Percentage of total offender population (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, Indigenous offenders were more likely to be serving a sentence for a violent offence* (78.4% for Indigenous versus 67.8% for non-Indigenous).
66.1% of Indigenous women offenders were serving a sentence for a violent offence compared to 45.7% of non-Indigenous women offenders.
Of those offenders serving a sentence for Murder, 5.0% were women and 22.2% were Indigenous.
A greater proportion of Indigenous offenders than non-Indigenous offenders were serving a sentence for a Schedule I offence (60.0% versus 46.1%, respectively).
10.3% of Indigenous offenders were serving a sentence for a Schedule II offence compared to 20.2% of non-Indigenous offenders.
30.9% of women were serving a sentence for a Schedule II offence compared to 16.8% for men.

Notes:

*Violent offences include Murder I, Murder II, and Schedule I offences.

Schedule I is comprised of sexual offences and other violent crimes excluding first and second degree murder (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).
Schedule II is comprised of serious drug offences or conspiracy to commit serious drug offences (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

In cases where the offender is serving a sentence for more than one offence, the data reflect the most serious offence.

Table C15: 70% of offenders are serving a sentence for a violent offence
Total offender population (2018-19)
Offence Category	Indigenous			Non-Indigenous			Total
Offence Category	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
Murder I	8	247	255	48	984	1,032	56	1,231	1,287
%	1.6	4.6	4.3	5.1	5.9	5.9	3.9	5.6	5.5
Murder II	68	762	830	118	2,650	2,768	186	3,412	3,598
%	13.9	14.0	14.0	12.5	16.0	15.8	13.0	15.5	15.3
Schedule I	247	3,303	3,550	265	7,831	8,096	512	11,134	11,646
%	50.5	60.9	60.0	28.1	47.2	46.1	35.8	50.5	49.6
Schedule II	104	508	612	338	3,204	3,542	442	3,712	4,154
%	21.3	9.4	10.3	35.8	19.3	20.2	30.9	16.8	17.7
Non-Schedule	62	605	667	174	1,938	2,112	236	2,543	2,779
%	12.7	11.2	11.3	18.5	11.7	12.0	16.5	11.5	11.8
Total	489	5,425	5,914	943	16,607	17,550	1,432	22,032	23,464

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

Schedule I is comprised of sexual offences and other violent crimes excluding first and second degree murder (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Schedule II is comprised of serious drug offences or conspiracy to commit serious drug offences (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

In cases where the offender is serving a sentence for more than one offence, the data reflect the most serious offence.

The number of Indigenous offenders has increased

Figure C16

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

From 2009-10 to 2018-19, the in-custody Indigenous offender population increased by 42.9%, while the total Indigenous offender population increased 47.4% over the same period of time.
The number of in-custody Indigenous women offenders increased steadily from 169 in 2009-10 to 291 in 2018-19, an increase of 72.2%. The increase for in-custody Indigenous men offenders was 41.1% for the same period, increasing from 2,747 to 3,877.
From 2009-10 to 2018-19, the number of Indigenous offenders on community supervision increased 59.5%, from 1,095 to 1,746. The Indigenous community population accounted for 18.7% of the total community population in 2018-19.

Notes:

In Community Under Supervision includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long-term supervision order, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

Table C16: The number of Indigenous offenders has increased
Indigenous Offenders		Fiscal Year
Indigenous Offenders		2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
In-Custody
Atlantic Region	Men	174	157	175	184	224
	Women	11	12	8	14	19
Quebec Region	Men	443	425	384	392	449
	Women	19	24	14	11	16
Ontario Region	Men	441	453	487	534	558
	Women	34	39	37	43	50
Prairie Region	Men	1,757	1,868	1,861	1,879	1,955
	Women	139	133	155	163	158
Pacific Region	Men	602	629	638	658	691
	Women	37	43	39	39	48
National Total	Men	3,417	3,532	3,545	3,647	3,877
	Women	240	251	253	270	291
	Total	3,657	3,783	3,798	3,917	4,168
In Community Under Supervision
Atlantic Region	Men	60	68	71	88	83
	Women	12	10	11	9	10
Quebec Region	Men	158	185	185	181	162
	Women	12	18	10	6	9
Ontario Region	Men	178	204	201	231	239
	Women	21	24	31	29	31
Prairie Region	Men	574	560	604	645	720
	Women	52	77	78	111	113
Pacific Region	Men	268	276	301	319	344
	Women	17	22	32	36	35
National Total	Men	1,238	1,293	1,362	1,464	1,548
	Women	114	151	162	191	198
	Total	1,352	1,444	1,524	1,655	1,746
Total In-Custody & In Community Under Supervision		5,009	5,227	5,322	5,572	5,914

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

In-custody population includes all active offenders incarcerated in a CSC facility, offenders on temporary absence from a CSC facility, offenders who are temporarily detained in a CSC facility and offenders on remand in a CSC facility.

Regional statistics for the Correctional Service of Canada account for data relating to the northern territories in the following manner: data for Nunavut are reported in the Ontario Region, data for the Northwest Territories are reported in the Prairies Region, and data for the Yukon Territories are reported in the Pacific Region.

The total number of offenders admitted to administrative segregation has increased

Figure C17

Number of admissions to administrative segregation (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

In 2018-19, the total admissions to administrative segregation increased 2.8% from 5,295 in 2017-18 to 5,441 In 2018-19. In 2018-19, 97.1% of the total admissions were men, and admissions of Indigenous offenders accounted for 38.3%.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 330 offenders in administrative segregation, all were men. A total of 136 Indigenous offenders were in administrative segregation.

Notes:

These reports count admissions, not offenders. Offenders admitted multiple times to segregation are counted once for each admission. Offenders segregated under paragraph (f), subsection 44(1) of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (Disciplinary Segregation) are not included.

Administrative segregation is the separation, when specific legal requirements are met, of an inmate from the general population, other than pursuant to a disciplinary decision. As per subsection 33(3) of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act: 31(3) The institutional head may order that an inmate be confined in administrative segregation if the institutional head is satisfied that there is no reasonable alternative to administrative segregation and he or she believes on reasonable grounds that (a) the inmate has acted, has attempted to act or intends to act in a manner that jeopardizes the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person and allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person; (b) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would interfere with an investigation that could lead to a criminal charge or a charge under subsection 41(2) of a serious disciplinary offence; or (c) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the inmate's safety.

Table C17: The total number of offenders admitted to administrative segregation has increased
Year and Type of Administrative Segregation	By Gender			By Race
Year and Type of Administrative Segregation	Women	Men	Total	Indigenous	Non-Indigenous	Total
2014-15
CCRA 31(3-A) Involuntary	425	5,290	5,715	1,736	3,979	5,715
CCRA 31(3-B)	7	329	336	108	228	336
CCRA 31(3-C)	27	2,242	2,269	805	1,464	2,269
Total	459	7,861	8,320	2,649	5,671	8,320
2015-16
CCRA 31(3-A) Involuntary	342	4,200	4,542	1,360	3,182	4,542
CCRA 31(3-B)	2	235	237	92	145	237
CCRA 31(3-C)	33	1,976	2,009	656	1,353	2,009
Total	377	6,411	6,788	2,108	4,680	6,788
2016-17
CCRA 31(3-A) Involuntary	270	3,826	4,096	1,373	2,723	4,096
CCRA 31(3-B)	3	273	276	75	201	276
CCRA 31(3-C)	16	1,649	1,665	639	1,026	1,665
Total	289	5,748	6,037	2,087	3,950	6,037
2017-18
CCRA 31(3-A) Involuntary	179	3,167	3,346	1,179	2,167	3,346
CCRA 31(3-B)	10	229	239	79	160	239
CCRA 31(3-C)	12	1,698	1,710	694	1,016	1,710
Total	201	5,094	5,295	1,952	3,343	5,295
2018-19
CCRA 31(3-A) Involuntary	134	3,011	3,145	1,155	1,990	3,145
CCRA 31(3-B)	5	162	167	49	118	167
CCRA 31(3-C)	18	2,111	2,129	881	1,248	2,129
Total	157	5,284	5,441	2,085	3,356	5,441

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

75% of offenders admitted to administrative segregation stay for less than 30 days

Figure C18

Number of federal offenders admitted to administrative segregation (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Most (74.7%) placements in administrative segregation ended in less than 30 days, and 15.1% lasted between 30 and 60 days. 1.7% of placements in administrative segregation ended after more than 120 days.
92.6% of placements of women in administrative segregation ended in less than 30 days.
The number of admissions to administrative segregation that resulted in placements lasting more than 120 days in administrative segregation was 1.8% for Indigenous and 1.6% for non-Indigenous offenders.

Notes:

Administrative segregation is the involuntary or voluntary separation, when specific legal requirements are met, of an inmate from the general population, other than pursuant to a disciplinary decision. As per subsection 31(3) of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act: The institutional head may order that an inmate be confined in administrative segregation if the institutional head is satisfied that there is no reasonable alternative to administrative segregation and he or she believes on reasonable grounds that (a) the inmate has acted, has attempted to act or intends to act in a manner that jeopardizes the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person and allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person; (b) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would interfere with an investigation that could lead to a criminal charge or a charge under subsection 41(2) of a serious disciplinary offence; or (c) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the inmate's safety.

Table C18: 75% of offenders admitted to administrative segregation stay for less than 30 days
Number of federal offenders admitted to administrative segregation (2018-19)
Length of Stay in Administrative Segregation	By Gender				By Race				Total
Length of Stay in Administrative Segregation	Women		Men		Indigenous		Non- Indigenous		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
2018-19
< 30 days	150	92.6	3,901	74.2	1,497	71.8	2,554	76.6	4,051	74.7
30-60 days	10	6.2	810	15.4	353	16.9	467	14	820	15.1
61-90 days	2	1.2	305	5.8	134	6.4	173	5.2	307	5.7
91-120 days	0	0	151	2.9	64	3.1	87	2.6	151	2.8
> 120 days	0	0	92	1.7	38	1.8	54	1.6	92	1.7
Total	162	100.0	5,259	100.0	2,086	100.0	3,335	100.0	5,421	100.0

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

Administrative segregation is the involuntary or voluntary separation, when specific legal requirements are met, of an inmate from the general population, other than pursuant to a disciplinary decision. As per subsection 31(3) of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act: The institutional head may order that an inmate be confined in administrative segregation if the institutional head is satisfied that there is no reasonable alternative to administrative segregation and he or she believes on reasonable grounds that (a) the inmate has acted, has attempted to act or intends to act in a manner that jeopardizes the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person and allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the security of the penitentiary or the safety of any person; (b) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would interfere with an investigation that could lead to a criminal charge or a charge under subsection 41(2) of a serious disciplinary offence; or (c) allowing the inmate to associate with other inmates would jeopardize the inmate's safety.

The number of offender deaths while in custody has increased

Figure C19

The number of deaths in federal and provincial/territorial custody by cause of death

Source: Adult Correctional Services Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

In the ten-year period from 2008-09 to 2017-18, a total of 554 federal offenders and 406 provincial/territorial offenders died while in custody.
During this time period, suicides accounted for 14.6% of federal offender deaths and 21.4% of provincial offender deaths. The suicide rate was approximately 55 per 100,000 for incarcerated federal offenders, and approximately 36 per 100,000 for incarcerated provincial offenders.* These rates are significantly higher than the 2009 rate of 11.5 suicides per 100,000 people in Canada.
Between 2008-09 and 2017-18, 3.4% of federal offender deaths and 1.0% of provincial offender deaths were due to homicide. The homicide rate for incarcerated federal offenders was approximately 13.0 per 100,000 and 1.6 per 100,000 for incarcerated provincial offenders.* The federal rate is significantly higher than the national homicide rate of 1.8 per 100,000 people in 2018.

Notes:

Other causes of death include: natural causes, accidental deaths, death as a result of a legal intervention, other causes of death and where cause of death was unknown. Data for Alberta for 2013-14 and onward are now available.

*For the calculation of rates, the total actual in-count numbers between 2008-09 and 2017-18 was used as the denominator.

The data on cause of death are subject to change following an official review or investigation, and should be used/interpreted with caution. The data presented were provided by the Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics at Statistics Canada, and may not reflect the outcome of recent reviews or investigations or cause of death.

Table C19: The number of offender deaths while in custody has increased
Year	Type of Death
Year	Homicide		Suicide		Other*		Total
Federal	#	%	#	%	#	%	#
2008/2009	2	3.1	9	13.8	54	83.1	65
2009/2010	1	2.0	9	18.4	39	79.6	49
2010/2011	5	10.0	4	8.0	41	82.0	50
2011/2012	3	5.7	8	15.1	42	79.2	53
2012/2013	1	1.8	11	20.0	43	78.2	55
2013/2014	1	2.1	9	18.8	38	79.2	48
2014/2015	1	1.5	13	19.4	53	79.1	67
2015/2016	3	4.6	9	13.8	53	81.5	65
2016/2017	0	0.0	3	6.4	44	93.6	47
2017/2018	2	3.6	6	10.9	47	85.5	55
Total	19	3.4	81	14.6	454	81.9	554
Provincial
2008/2009	1	3.0	7	21.2	25	75.8	33
2009/2010	1	2.6	5	12.8	33	84.6	39
2010/2011	0	0.0	5	14.3	30	85.7	35
2011/2012	0	0.0	16	42.1	22	57.9	38
2012/2013	1	2.3	8	18.2	35	79.5	44
2013/2014	1	2.4	10	24.4	30	73.2	41
2014/2015	0	0.0	9	24.3	28	75.7	37
2015/2016	0	0.0	6	14.3	36	85.7	42
2016/2017	0	0.0	7	17.1	34	82.9	41
2017/2018	0	0.0	14	25.0	42	75.0	56
Total	4	1.0	87	21.4	315	77.6	406
Total Federal and Provincial Offender Deaths	23	2.4	168	17.5	769	80.1	960

Source: Adult Correctional Services Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

*Other causes of death include: natural causes, accidental deaths, death as a result of a legal intervention, other causes of death and where cause of death was unknown.

Data for Alberta for 2013-14 and onward are now available.

The data on cause of death are subject to change following an official review or investigation, and should be used/interpreted with caution. The data presented were provided by the Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics at Statistics Canada and may not reflect the outcome of recent reviews or investigations on cause of death.

The number of escapees has decreased

Figure C20

Number of escapees from federal institutions

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

In 2018-19, there were 11 escape incidents involving a total of 11 offenders. Of these 11 offenders, 9 offenders were recaptured.
Offenders who escaped from federal institutions in 2018-19 represented 0.1% of the in-custody population.

Notes:

The data represent the number of escape incidents from federal facilities during each fiscal year. An escape can involve more than one offender. These numbers are subject to change further to new information becoming available. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Table C20: The number of escapees has decreased
Escapes	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
Total Number of Escape Incidents	14	15	8	11	11
Total Number of Escapees	15	18	8	15	11

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

The population of offenders in the community under supervision has increased

Figure C21

In community under supervision population at fiscal year* end

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Over the past five years, the total offender population supervised in the community increased by 15.1%. For the same period, the total number of offenders on full parole increased by 34.0% while the proportion of offenders on statutory release decreased by 10.0%.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 8,154 men and 721 women on active community supervision.

Notes:

*These cases reflect the number of offenders on active supervision at fiscal year-end. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The data reflect the offender population in the community under supervision which includes all active offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, offenders who are temporarily detained in a non-CSC facility, offenders who are unlawfully at large for less than 90 days, offenders on remand in a non-CSC facility, and offenders supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

** The data presented above do not include offenders who were on long-term supervision orders (See Figure/Table E4).

Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada whereby offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the Parole Board of Canada. Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada whereby the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community. Statutory release refers to a conditional release that is subject to supervision after the offender has served two-thirds of the sentence.

Table C21: The population of offenders in the community under supervision has increased
Year	Supervision Type of Offenders
	Day Parole		Full Parole		Statutory Release		Totals			% change*
	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Both	Both
2009-10	108	1,083	328	3,418	93	2,602	529	7,103	7,632
2010-11	79	1,017	314	3,441	109	2,598	502	7,056	7,558	-1.0
2011-12	123	1,123	257	3,154	127	2,661	507	6,938	7,445	-1.5
2012-13	116	1,106	225	2,932	136	2,801	477	6,839	7,316	-1.7
2013-14	106	1,104	225	3,017	153	2,858	484	6,979	7,463	2.0
2014-15	115	1,236	239	3,065	150	2,909	504	7,210	7,714	3.4
2015-16	124	1,248	273	3,276	177	2,849	574	7,373	7,947	3.0
2016-17	158	1,392	316	3,587	154	2,856	628	7,835	8,463	6.5
2017-18	197	1,462	369	3,864	145	2,644	711	7,970	8,681	2.6
2018-19	192	1,500	370	4,059	159	2,595	721	8,154	8,875	2.2

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

These cases reflect the number of offenders on active supervision at fiscal year-end. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The data presented above do not include offenders who were on long-term supervision orders (See Figure/Table E4).

*Percent change is measured from the previous year.

The provincial/territorial community corrections population has remained stable

Figure C22

Average monthly offender counts

Source: Table 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Since 2015-16, the provincial/territorial community corrections population has remained stable. In 2017-18, there was a slight increase (1.8%) from 92,227 in 2016-17 to 93,871 in 2017-18.
Since 2008-09, there has been a gradual decrease (15.2%) in the provincial/territorial community corrections population, down from 110,653 in 2008-09 to 93,871 in 2017-18.
There has been a gradual decline in the number of offenders on conditional sentence orders over the past decade. It has decreased 50.3% from 13,124 in 2008-09 to 6,529 in 2017-18.

Note:

A conditional sentence is a disposition of the court where the offender serves a term of imprisonment in the community under specified conditions. This type of sentence can only be imposed in cases where the term of imprisonment would be less than two years. Conditional sentences have been a provincial and territorial sentencing option since September 1996.

Table C22: The provincial/territorial community corrections population has remained stable
Year	Average Monthly Offender Counts on Probation	Average Monthly Offender Counts on Conditional Sentence	Total
2008-09	97,529	13,124	110,653
2009-10	99,498	13,105	112,603
2010-11	101,825	12,969	114,794
2011-12	98,843	12,616	111,459
2012-13	96,116	12,202	108,318
2013-14	84,905	10,077	94,982
2014-15	80,705	8,746	89,451
2015-16	85,845	8,259	94,104
2016-17	84,978	7,249	92,227
2017-18	87,342	6,529	93,871

Source: Table 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:

The number of offenders on provincial parole increased

Figure C23

Average monthly count of offenders on provincial parole

Source: Table 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The number of offenders on provincial parole increased by 13.1% from 1,058 offenders in 2016-17 to 1,197 in 2017-18.
Since 2014-15, there has been a 23.1% increase in the number of offenders on provincial parole, up from 972 in 2014-15 to 1,197 in 2017-18.

Note:

Provincial parole boards operate in Quebec and Ontario. On April 1, 2007, the Parole Board of Canada assumed responsibility for parole decisions relating to offenders serving sentences in British Columbia's provincial correctional facilities. The Parole Board of Canada has jurisdiction over granting parole to provincial offenders in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces, British Columbia, and to territorial offenders in Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

Table C23: The number of offenders on provincial parole increased
Year	Average Monthly Counts on Provincial Parole
	Provincial Boards				Parole Board of Canada**	Total	% Change
	Quebec	Ontario	British Columbia*	Total	Parole Board of Canada**	Total	% Change
2008-09	533	217	n/a	750	190	940
2009-10	506	194	n/a	700	168	868	-7.7
2010-11	482	171	n/a	653	167	820	-5.5
2011-12	481	179	n/a	660	144	804	-2.0
2012-13	462	164	n/a	626	143	769	-4.4
2013-14	527	172	n/a	699	154	853	10.9
2014-15	612	207	n/a	821	151	972	14.0
2015-16	639	207	n/a	846	139	985	1.5
2016-17	701	205	n/a	907	151	1,058	7.4
2017-18	792	242	n/a	1,034	163	1,197	13.2

Source: Table 35-10-0154-01, Corrections Key Indicator Report for Adults and Youth, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

*On April 1, 2007, the Parole Board of Canada assumed responsibility for parole decisions relating to offenders serving sentences in British Columbia's provincial correctional facilities.

**The data represent the number of provincial offenders who are released from custody on the authority of the Parole Board of Canada and supervised by the Correctional Service of Canada.

Provincial parole boards operate in Quebec and Ontario. The Parole Board of Canada has jurisdiction over granting parole to provincial offenders in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces, British Columbia, and to territorial offenders in Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

Section D. Conditional Release

The percentage of offenders released from a federal institution or Healing Lodge at statutory release has decreased

Figure D1

Percentage of offenders released on statutory release*

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

In fiscal year 2018-19, 59.1% of all releases from federal institutions were at statutory release.
In fiscal year 2018-19, 70.9% of releases for Indigenous offenders were at statutory release compared to 54.4% of releases for Non-Indigenous offenders.
Over the past ten years, the percentage of releases at statutory release decreased from 70.9% to 59.1%.

Notes:

*Percentage is calculated based on the number of statutory releases compared to the total releases for each offender group.

Statutory release refers to a conditional release that is subject to supervision after the offender has served two-thirds of the sentence.

A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Table D1: The percentage of offenders released from a federal institution or Healing Lodge at statutory release has decreased
Year	Indigenous			Non-Indigenous			Total Offender Population
Year	Statutory Release	Total Releases	%*	Statutory Release	Total Releases	%*	Statutory Release	Total Releases	%*
2009-10	1,420	1,733	81.9	4,118	6,073	67.8	5,538	7,806	70.9
2010-11	1,341	1,604	83.6	3,739	5,642	66.3	5,080	7,246	70.1
2011-12	1,476	1,778	83.0	3,825	5,462	70.0	5,301	7,240	73.2
2012-13	1,603	1,928	83.1	3,985	5,605	71.1	5,588	7,533	74.2
2013-14	1,709	2,009	85.1	3,927	5,672	69.2	5,636	7,681	73.4
2014-15	1,724	2,043	84.4	3,648	5,489	66.5	5,372	7,532	71.3
2015-16	1,668	2,019	82.6	3,640	5,597	65.0	5,308	7,616	69.7
2016-17	1,578	2,025	77.9	3,305	5,551	59.5	4,883	7,576	64.5
2017-18	1,520	2,042	74.4	2,899	5,206	55.7	4,419	7,248	61.0
2018-19	1,420	2,004	70.9	2,758	5,068	54.4	4,178	7,072	59.1

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*Percentage is calculated based on the number of statutory releases compared to the total releases for each offender group.

Statutory release refers to a conditional release that is subject to supervision after the offender has served two-thirds of the sentence.

A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The percentage of offenders released from a federal institution or Healing Lodge on day parole has increased

Figure D2

Percentage of offenders released*

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

In fiscal year 2018-19, 38.0% of all releases from federal institutions were on day parole and 2.9% were on full parole.
In fiscal year 2018-19, 27.4% of releases for Indigenous offenders were on day parole and 1.7% were on full parole compared to 42.2% and 3.4% respectively for Non-Indigenous offenders.
Over the past ten years, the percentage of releases on day parole increased from 26.9% to 38.0% and the percentage of releases on full parole increased from 2.2% to 2.9%.

Notes:

*Percentage is calculated based on the number of day and full paroles compared to the total releases for each offender group.

Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada whereby the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.

A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Table D2: The percentage of offenders released from a federal institution or Healing Lodge on day parole has increased
Year		Indigenous			Non-Indigenous			Total Offender Population
Year		Day Parole	Full Parole	Total Releases	Day Parole	Full Parole	Total Releases	Day Parole	Full Parole	Total Releases
2009-10	#	301	12	1,733	1,795	160	6,073	2,096	172	7,806
	%	17.4	0.7		29.6	2.6		26.9	2.2
2010-11	#	252	11	1,604	1,766	137	5,642	2,018	148	7,246
	%	15.7	0.7		31.3	2.4		27.8	2.0
2011-12	#	290	12	1,778	1,521	116	5,462	1,811	128	7,240
	%	16.3	0.7		27.8	2.1		25.0	1.8
2012-13	#	318	7	1,928	1,510	110	5,605	1,828	117	7,533
	%	16.5	0.4		26.9	2.0		24.3	1.6
2013-14	#	282	18	2,009	1,600	145	5,672	1,882	163	7,681
	%	14.0	0.9		28.2	2.6		24.5	2.1
2014-15	#	309	10	2,043	1,666	175	5,489	1,975	185	7,532
	%	15.1	0.5		30.4	3.2		26.2	2.5
2015-16	#	337	14	2,019	1,793	164	5,597	2,130	178	7,616
	%	16.7	0.7		32.0	2.9		28.0	2.3
2016-17	#	434	13	2,025	2,093	153	5,551	2,527	166	7,576
	%	21.4	0.6		37.7	2.8		33.4	2.2
2017-18	#	497	25	2,042	2,124	183	5,206	2,621	208	7,248
	%	24.3	1.2		40.8	3.5		36.2	2.9
2018-19	#	549	35	2,004	2,138	172	5,068	2,687	207	7,072
	%	27.4	1.7		42.2	3.4		38.0	2.9

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

The data includes all releases from a federal institution or Healing Lodge in a given fiscal year excluding offenders with quashed sentences, offenders who died in custody, LTSO releases, offenders released at warrant expiry and offenders transferred to foreign countries. An offender may be released more than once a year in cases where a previous release was subject to revocation, suspension, temporary detention, or interruption. Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada whereby offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the Parole Board of Canada.

Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada whereby the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.

A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

Federal day and full parole grant rates increased

Figure D3

Federal parole grant rate

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the federal day parole grant rate increased 0.4 of a percentage point to 79.5% compared to the previous year.
In 2018-19, the federal full parole grant rate increased 0.7 of a percentage point to 38.2% compared to the previous year.
Over the last 10 years, women offenders had a much higher grant rate for federal day parole (86.0%) and federal full parole (42.0%) than men offenders (71.1% and 29.3%).

Notes:

The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the Parole Board of Canada.

Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution, half-way house, or other location deemed appropriate for managing their risk, unless otherwise authorized by the Parole Board of Canada. Not all offenders apply for day parole, and some apply more than once before being granted day parole.

Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the Parole Board of Canada in which the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community. The Parole Board of Canada must review the cases of all offenders for full parole at the time prescribed by legislation, unless the offender advises the Parole Board of Canada in writing that he/she does not wish to be considered for full parole.

Even though comparisons were made between federal regular day parole and full parole grant rates only, they nevertheless contain an APR residual effect between 2011-12 and 2015-16 as a sufficiently large proportion of the APR-affected population was granted regular federal day parole and full parole, perhaps inflating the grant rates.

Table D3: Federal day and full parole grant rates increased
Type of Release	Year	Granted		Denied		Grant Rate (%)			APR*
Type of Release	Year	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Total	Directed	Total
Day Parole	2009-10	153	1,957	40	967	79.3	66.9	67.7	947	1,491
	2010-11	136	1,854	43	1,148	76.0	61.8	62.6	970	1,591
	2011-12	249	2,491	65	1,442	79.3	63.3	64.5	0	0
	2012-13	289	2,821	73	1,415	79.8	66.6	67.6	14	21
	2013-14	248	2,824	52	1,274	82.7	68.9	69.8	39	47
	2014-15	297	3,024	52	1,281	85.1	70.2	71.4	38	45
	2015-16	291	3,093	52	1,078	84.8	74.2	75.0	86	90
	2016-17	399	3,445	48	1,041	89.3	76.8	77.9	80	83
	2017-18	437	3,612	30	1,039	93.6	77.7	79.1	100	106
	2018-19	470	3,736	28	1,055	94.4	78.0	79.5	56	58
Full Parole	2009-10	32	461	89	2,080	26.4	18.1	18.5	1,004	1,010
	2010-11	20	436	88	2,204	18.5	16.5	16.6	1,046	1,059
	2011-12	77	644	126	2,317	37.9	21.7	22.8	0	0
	2012-13	90	914	143	2,327	38.6	28.2	28.9	26	26
	2013-14	84	904	103	2,202	44.9	29.1	30.0	126	142
	2014-15	87	969	106	2,307	45.1	29.6	30.4	119	137
	2015-16	96	1,063	127	2,154	43.0	33.0	33.7	166	185
	2016-17	138	1,237	158	2,383	46.6	34.2	35.1	122	126
	2017-18	153	1,363	175	2,357	46.6	36.6	37.5	161	165
	2018-19	157	1,446	176	2,419	47.1	37.5	38.2	66	67

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the Parole Board of Canada.

*On March 28, 2011, Bill C-59 (Abolition of Early Parole Act) eliminated the accelerated parole review (APR) process, affecting first-time non-violent offenders serving sentences for Schedule II and non-Schedule offences, who in 2011-12 were no longer eligible for an APR review. These offenders are now assessed on general reoffending as compared to the APR risk assessment, which considered the risk of committing a violent offence only. To better illustrate historical trends, APR decisions were excluded. However, the information on APR (the number of paroles directed and the total number of APR decisions) is presented in a separate section of the table. Grant rates should be read with caution. Even though comparisons were made between federal regular day parole and full parole grant rates only, they nevertheless contain an APR residual effect between 2011-12 and 2015-16 as a sufficiently large proportion of the APR-affected population were granted regular federal day parole and full parole, perhaps inflating the grant rates.

*As a result of court challenges, the Pacific Region (in 2012) and the Quebec Region (in 2013) have been processing active APR cases for offenders sentenced or convicted prior to the abolition of APR. Following the Canada (Attorney General) v. Whaling decision on March 20, 2014, the accelerated parole review process was reinstated across all regions for offenders sentenced prior to the abolition of APR.

Federal day and full parole grant rates for Indigenous offenders increased

Figure D4

Federal parole grant rate

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the federal day parole grant rate increased for Indigenous offenders (to 76.6%; +2.6%) and decreased by 0.1 of a percentage point for non-Indigenous offenders to 80.4% compared to 2017-18.
In 2018-19, the federal full parole grant rate increased for Indigenous offenders (to 27.9%; +5.2%) and for non-Indigenous offenders (to 40.8%; +0.1%) compared to 2017-18.
Over the last 10 years, lower federal day and full parole grant rates were reported for Indigenous offenders (67.8%; 20.3%) than for non-Indigenous offenders (73.4%; 32.2%).

Notes:

The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the Parole Board of Canada.

On March 28, 2011, Bill C-59 (Abolition of Early Parole Act) eliminated the accelerated parole review (APR) process, affecting first-time non-violent offenders serving sentences for schedule II and non-scheduled offences, who in 2011-12 were no longer eligible for an APR review. These offenders are now assessed on general reoffending as compared to the APR risk assessment, which considered the risk of committing a violent offence only. To better illustrate historical trends, APR were excluded. Grant rates should be read with caution. Even though comparisons were made between federal regular day parole and full parole grant rates only, they nevertheless contain an APR residual effect between 2011-12 and 2015-16 as a sufficiently large proportion of the APR-affected population were granted regular federal day parole and full parole, perhaps inflating the grant rates.

Table D4: Federal day and full parole grant rates for Indigenous offenders increased
Type of Release	Year	Granted		Denied		Grant Rate (%)		Total
Type of Release	Year	Indigenous	Non-Ind.	Indigenous	Non-Ind.	Indigenous	Non-Ind.	Granted/Denied	Grant Rate (%)
Day Parole	2009-10	410	1,700	217	790	65.4	68.3	3,117	67.7
	2010-11	376	1,614	290	901	56.5	64.2	3,181	62.6
	2011-12	475	2,265	350	1,157	57.6	66.2	4,247	64.5
	2012-13	565	2,545	322	1,166	63.7	68.6	4,598	67.6
	2013-14	526	2,546	307	1,019	63.1	71.4	4,398	69.8
	2014-15	567	2,754	268	1,065	67.9	72.1	4,654	71.4
	2015-16	606	2,778	264	866	69.7	76.2	4,514	75.0
	2016-17	715	3,129	258	831	73.5	79.0	4,933	77.9
	2017-18	818	3,231	288	781	74.0	80.5	5,118	79.1
	2018-19	937	3,269	286	797	76.6	80.4	5,289	79.5
Full Parole	2009-10	50	443	420	1,749	10.6	20.2	2,662	18.5
	2010-11	71	385	480	1,812	12.9	17.5	2,748	16.6
	2011-12	76	645	473	1,970	13.8	24.7	3,164	22.8
	2012-13	103	901	475	1,995	17.8	31.1	3,474	28.9
	2013-14	124	864	425	1,880	22.6	31.5	3,293	30.0
	2014-15	108	948	452	1,961	19.3	32.6	3,469	30.4
	2015-16	136	1,023	435	1,846	23.8	35.7	3,440	33.7
	2016-17	155	1,220	469	2,072	24.8	37.1	3,916	35.1
	2017-18	168	1,348	572	1,960	22.7	40.7	4,048	37.5
	2018-19	235	1,372	607	1,988	27.9	40.8	4,202	38.2

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the Parole Board of Canada.

The number of federal Elder-Assisted parole hearings increased

Figure D5

Federal Elder-Assisted parole hearings

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

The number of federal Elder-Assisted parole hearings increased by 6.2% in 2018-19, following a 12.2% increase in 2017-18 (from 603 in 2016-17 to 677 in 2017-18, to 719 in 2018-19). The increase is associated with the in-reach conducted by the Board with Indigenous offenders.
In 2018-19, 41.8% (681) of all federal parole hearings with Indigenous offenders, and 0.8% (38) of all federal parole hearings for offenders who did not self-identify as Indigenous were Elder-Assisted Hearings.

Notes:

The presence of an Elder is an alternative approach to the traditional parole hearing, and was introduced by the Parole Board of Canada to ensure that conditional release hearings are sensitive to Indigenous cultural values and traditions. This type of hearing is available to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders.

The term "Elder" also refers to a Cultural Advisor as defined in section 11.1.1.5 of the Decision-Making Policy Manual.

Table D5: The number of federal Elder-Assisted parole hearings increased
Year	Elder-Assisted Hearings
	Indigenous Offenders			Non-Indigenous Offenders			All Offenders
	Total Hearings	With an Elder		Total Hearings	With an Elder		Total Hearings	With an Elder
	#	#	%	#	#	%	#	#	%
2009-10	1,215	363	29.9	4,393	54	1.2	5,608	417	7.4
2010-11	1,234	440	35.7	4,266	49	1.1	5,500	489	8.9
2011-12	1,275	431	33.8	4,590	38	0.8	5,865	469	8.0
2012-13	1,313	423	32.2	4,631	46	1.0	5,944	469	7.9
2013-14	930	347	37.3	3,658	29	0.8	4,588	376	8.2
2014-15	889	360	40.5	3,827	43	1.1	4,716	403	8.5
2015-16	961	374	38.9	3,969	30	0.8	4,930	404	8.2
2016-17	1,297	554	42.7	4,496	49	1.1	5,793	603	10.4
2017-18	1,539	635	41.3	4,848	42	0.9	6,387	677	10.6
2018-19	1,630	681	41.8	4,932	38	0.8	6,562	719	11.0

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

The term "Elder" also refers to a Cultural Advisor as defined in section 11.1.1.5 of the Decision-Making Policy Manual.

Proportion of sentence served prior to being released on parole decreased for women

Figure D6

Percentage of sentence served

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the average proportion of sentence served before the first federal day parole release for offenders serving determinate sentences increased negligibly (0.6 of a percentage point to 37.4%) from the previous year.
The proportion of sentence served prior to first federal full parole release for offenders serving determinate sentences increased 0.2 of a percentage point (to 44.9%) in 2018-19 when compared to the previous year.
In 2018-19, men offenders served higher proportions of their sentences before being released on their first federal day parole and full parole (38.0%; 45.3%) than women offenders (32.6%; 41.8%).
In 2018-19, women offenders and men offenders served an average of 3.1 and 4.8 percentage points more of their sentences before their first federal day parole release and 5.7 and 6.8 percentage points more of their sentences before their first federal full parole release compared to 2009-10.

Notes:

Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence. In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole. These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction, excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences. Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at six months before full parole eligibility.

The increases in the average proportion of time served after 2010-11 are in part due to the effect of Bill C-59 and were driven primarily by offenders serving sentences for Schedule II and non-Schedule offences (some of whom were former APR-eligible offenders).

Table D6: Proportion of sentence served prior to being released on parole decreased for women
Year	Type of Supervision
	First Federal Day Parole			First Federal Full Parole
	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
	Percentage of Sentence Served (%)
2009-10	29.5	33.2	32.8	36.1	38.5	38.2
2010-11	29.2	31.8	31.6	36.6	38.1	37.9
2011-12	35.0	38.1	37.8	40.3	41.7	41.6
2012-13	38.9	38.3	38.4	45.6	46.9	46.7
2013-14	34.9	38.3	38.0	44.2	46.8	46.6
2014-15	35.3	37.9	37.7	44.9	45.9	45.8
2015-16	36.9	38.7	38.5	45.2	46.6	46.5
2016-17	33.6	37.5	37.1	43.5	46.1	45.8
2017-18	33.4	37.2	36.8	42.5	45.0	44.7
2018-19	32.6	38.0	37.4	41.8	45.3	44.9

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

Indigenous offenders serve a higher proportion of their sentences before being released on parole

Figure D7

Percentage of sentence served in custody before first federal parole

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, Indigenous offenders served higher proportions of their sentences before being released on their first federal day parole (42.2%) and full parole (47.8%, a decrease of 0.3 of a percentage point compared to 2017-18), than non-Indigenous offenders (36.2%; 44.5%).
Over the last ten years, Indigenous offenders served higher proportions of their sentences before their first federal day parole and full parole release (41.2%; 46.8%), than non-Indigenous offenders (35.7%; 43.5%).

Notes:

These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction, excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.

Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at six months before full parole eligibility.

Table D7: Indigenous offenders serve a higher proportion of their sentences before being released on parole
Year	Type of Supervision
	First Federal Day Parole			First Federal Full Parole
	Indigenous	Non- Indigenous	Total	Indigenous	Non- Indigenous	Total
	Percentage of Sentence Served (%)
2009-10	38.7	31.8	32.8	41.0	37.9	38.2
2010-11	37.2	30.8	31.6	41.6	37.5	37.9
2011-12	41.7	37.1	37.8	43.7	41.4	41.6
2012-13	42.2	37.6	38.4	49.2	46.5	46.7
2013-14	42.9	37.1	38.0	49.3	46.2	46.6
2014-15	40.9	37.1	37.7	47.1	45.6	45.8
2015-16	44.0	37.5	38.5	50.8	46.0	46.5
2016-17	41.0	36.2	37.1	49.0	45.4	45.8
2017-18	41.6	35.7	36.8	48.1	44.3	44.7
2018-19	42.2	36.2	37.4	47.8	44.5	44.9

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction, excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.

The successful completion rate of federal day parole supervision periods remained stable

Figure D8

Day parole outcomes – 10-year trend

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In the last 10 years, the successful completion rate of federal day parole supervision periods has been over 85%.
In 2018-19, the successful completion rate of federal day parole supervision periods remained relatively stable (91.4%; +0.3%) compared to 2017-18.
During the five-year period (between 2014-15 and 2018-19), the successful completion rate of federal regular day parole supervision periods was on average 6.3 percentage points lower than the rate of federal APR day parole supervision periods (91.0% and 97.3%, respectively).
The rate of violent reoffending of federal day parole supervision periods has been very low in the last five years, averaging 0.2%.

Notes:

*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

A day parole supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

Table D8: The successful completion rate of federal day parole supervision periods remained stable
Federal Day Parole Outcomes	2014-15		2015-16		2016-17		2017-18		2018-19
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion
Regular	2,784	90.4	2,982	90.5	3,172	91.5	3,467	91.0	3,619	91.3
Accelerated	36	100.0	38	100.0	86	97.7	84	93.3	75	98.7
Total	2,820	90.5	3,020	90.6	3,258	91.7	3,551	91.1	3,694	91.4
Revocation for Breach of Conditions*
Regular	260	8.4	272	8.3	249	7.2	284	7.5	304	7.7
Accelerated	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	2.3	6	6.7	1	1.3
Total	260	8.3	272	8.2	251	7.1	290	7.4	305	7.5
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence
Regular	35	1.1	32	1.0	37	1.1	53	1.4	37	0.9
Accelerated	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Total	35	1.1	32	1.0	37	1.0	53	1.4	37	0.9
Revocation with Violent Offence**
Regular	1	0.0	9	0.3	7	0.2	6	0.2	5	0.1
Accelerated	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Total	1	0.0	9	0.3	7	0.2	6	0.2	5	0.1
Total
Regular	3,080	98.8	3,295	98.9	3,465	97.5	3,810	97.7	3,965	98.1
Accelerated	36	1.2	38	1.1	88	2.5	90	2.3	76	1.9
Total	3,116	100.0	3,333	100.0	3,553	100.0	3,900	100.0	4,041	100.0

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

**Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences.

A day parole supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

The successful completion rate of federal full parole supervision periods decreased

Figure D9

Full parole outcomes* – 10-year trend

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the successful completion rate of federal full parole supervision periods for offenders serving determinate sentences decreased 2.6 percentage points (to 87.8%) compared to 2017-18.
During the five-year period (between 2014-15 and 2018-19), the successful completion rate of federal regular full parole supervision periods was on average slightly lower (-0.9 of a percentage point) than the rate of federal APR full parole supervision periods (88.4% and 89.3%, respectively).
The rate of violent reoffending on federal full parole supervision periods has been relatively low in the last five years, averaging 0.4%.

Notes:

*Excludes offenders serving indeterminate sentences because they do not have a warrant expiry date and can only successfully complete full parole upon [their] death.

**Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

A full parole supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

Table D9: The successful completion rate of federal full parole supervision periods decreased
Federal Full Parole Outcomes*	2014-15		2015-16		2016-17		2017-18		2018-19
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion
Regular	734	86.9	757	87.5	846	89.7	968	90.6	1,054	87.0
Accelerated	97	87.4	95	86.4	89	88.1	102	88.7	118	95.2
Total	831	86.9	852	87.4	935	89.6	1,070	90.4	1,172	87.8
Revocation for Breach of Conditions**
Regular	77	9.1	76	8.8	65	6.9	75	7.0	126	10.4
Accelerated	11	9.9	12	10.9	10	9.9	8	7.0	5	4.0
Total	88	9.2	88	9.0	75	7.2	83	7.0	131	9.8
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence
Regular	33	3.9	25	2.9	27	2.9	21	2.0	26	2.1
Accelerated	3	2.7	3	2.7	1	1.0	5	4.3	1	0.8
Total	36	3.8	28	2.9	28	2.7	26	2.2	27	2.0
Revocation with Violent Offence***
Regular	1	0.1	7	0.8	5	0.5	5	0.5	5	0.4
Accelerated	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Total	1	0.1	7	0.7	6	0.6	5	0.4	5	0.4
Total
Regular	845	88.4	865	88.7	943	90.3	1,069	90.3	1,211	90.7
Accelerated	111	11.6	110	11.3	101	9.7	115	9.7	124	9.3
Total	956	100.0	975	100.0	1,044	100.0	1,184	100.0	1,335	100.0

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

*Excludes offenders serving indeterminate sentences because they do not have a warrant expiry date and can only successfully complete full parole upon [their] death.

**Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

***Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences.

A full parole supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

The successful completion rate of statutory release supervision periods remained stable

Figure D10

Statutory release outcomes – 10-year trend

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the successful completion rate of statutory release supervision periods remained relatively stable (65.7%; -0.6%) compared to 2017-18.
Over the last five years, the revocation with violent offence rates were, on average, nine times higher for offenders on statutory release than for offenders on federal day parole and 3.5 times higher than for offenders on federal full parole.
The rate of revocation with a violent offence of statutory release supervision periods has been declining in the last five years, averaging 1.4%.

Notes:

*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

A statutory release supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

An offender serving a determinate sentence, if he/she is not detained, will be subject to statutory release after serving 2/3 of his/her sentence if he/she is not on full parole at that time. On statutory release, an offender is subject to supervision until the end of his/her sentence.

Table D10 : The successful completion rate of statutory release supervision periods remained stable
Statutory Release Outcomes	2014-15		2015-16		2016-17		2017-18		2018-19
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion	3,756	62.7	3,779	62.8	3,781	66.8	3,572	66.3	3,262	65.7
Revocation for Breach of Conditions*	1,648	27.5	1,663	27.6	1,412	25.0	1,299	24.1	1,279	25.8
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence	491	8.2	485	8.1	382	6.8	445	8.3	366	7.4
Revocation with Violent Offence**	91	1.5	95	1.6	83	1.5	70	1.3	56	1.1
Total	5,986	100.0	6,022	100.0	5,658	100.0	5,386	100.0	4,963	100.0

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

A statutory release supervision period is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

Over the last ten years, the rates of conviction for violent offences for offenders on federal conditional release has declined

Figure D11

Rate of conviction for violent offences* per 1,000 supervised offenders**

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Over the last ten years (between 2008-09 and 2017-18), the number of convictions for a violent offence for offenders on federal conditional release decreased 57% (from 192 in 2008-09 to 83 in 2017-18). Day parolees averaged 10 convictions for violent offences annually and full parolees, 11 convictions, compared to 116 by offenders on statutory release.
Over the last ten years (between 2008-09 and 2017-18), convictions for violent offences on statutory release accounted for 85% of all convictions by offenders on federal conditional release.
When comparing the rates of conviction for violent offences per 1,000 supervised offenders (between 2008-09 and 2017-18), offenders on statutory release were 11.6 times more likely to commit a violent offence during their supervision periods than offenders on full parole, and 4.7 times more likely to commit a violent offence than offenders on day parole.

Notes:

*Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences.

**Supervised offenders include offenders who are on parole, statutory release, those temporarily detained in federal institutions, and those who are unlawfully at large.

Day and full parole include those offenders serving determinate and indeterminate sentences.

The dotted line between 2017-18 and 2018-19 is intended to signify that due to delays in the court process, the numbers for 2018-19 under-represent the actual number of convictions, as verdicts may have not been reached by year-end.

Table D11: Over the last ten years, the rates of conviction for violent offences for offenders on federal conditional release has declined
Year	# of Convictions for Violent Offences***				Rates per 1,000 Supervised Offenders*
Year	Day Parole	Full Parole	Statutory Release	Total	Day Parole	Full Parole	Statutory Release
2008-09	22	17	153	192	18	4	46
2009-10	17	16	149	182	13	4	46
2010-11	10	19	129	158	8	5	40
2011-12	8	10	135	153	6	3	38
2012-13	9	11	136	156	7	3	39
2013-14	7	10	119	136	6	3	33
2014-15	1	4	91	96	1	1	25
2015-16	9	9	95	113	6	2	26
2016-17	7	9	83	99	4	2	22
2017-18	6	7	70	83	3	2	20
2018-19**	5	8	56	69	3	2	16

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

*Supervised offenders include offenders who are on parole, statutory release, those temporarily detained in federal institutions, and those who are unlawfully at large.

**Due to delays in the court processes, the numbers for 2018-19 under-represent the actual number of convictions, as verdicts may not have been reached by year-end.

Day and full parole include those offenders serving determinate and indeterminate sentences.

The number of offenders granted temporary absences remain stable

Figure D12

Number of offenders

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

There was a small decrease in the number of offenders receiving escorted temporary absences, from 2,556 in 2017-18 to 2,536 in 2018-19. There was a small decrease in the number of offenders receiving unescorted temporary absences, from 428 in 2017-18 to 411 in 2018-19.
The number of offenders receiving work releases has decreased by 2.9%, from 313 in 2017-18 to 304 in 2018-19.
For the past 10 years, the average successful completion rates for escorted temporary absences was 99.5%, 98.8% for unescorted temporary absences and 94.8% for work releases.

Notes:

A temporary absence is permission given to an eligible offender to be away from the normal place of confinement for medical, administrative, community service, family contact, personal development for rehabilitative purposes, or compassionate reasons, including parental responsibilities.

A work release is a structured program of release of specified duration for work or community service outside the penitentiary, under the supervision of a staff member or other authorized person or organization.

These numbers depict the number of offenders who received at least one temporary absence permit (excluding those for medical purposes) or at least one work release. An offender may be granted more than one temporary absence permit or work release over a period of time.

Table D12: The number of offenders granted temporary absences remain stable
Year	Temporary Absences				Work Releases
Year	Escorted		Unescorted		Work Releases
	# of Offenders	# of Permits	# of Offenders	# of Permits	# of Offenders	# of Permits
2009-10	2,222	35,815	388	3,295	254	1,063
2010-11	2,301	40,072	353	3,117	339	1,343
2011-12	2,685	44,399	418	3,891	435	875
2012-13	2,753	47,814	448	3,709	455	815
2013-14	2,740	49,502	447	4,004	400	643
2014-15	2,574	49,633	411	3,563	345	489
2015-16	2,430	47,065	445	4,077	304	418
2016-17	2,537	48,568	442	3,778	323	481
2017-18	2,556	50,518	428	3,167	313	444
2018-19	2,536	56,124	411	2,830	304	436

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

Section E. Statistics on Special Applications of Criminal Justice

The number of initial detention reviews decreased

Figure E1

Number of initial detention reviews

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the number of referrals for detention decreased by 28.5% to 85 (from 119) when compared to 2017-18.
The number of offenders detained as a result of a detention review decreased to 77 (-30%) compared to the previous year, while their proportion decreased to 90.6%. Eight offenders were released on statutory release following a detention review in 2018-19.
Averaged over the last five years, the detention rate for Indigenous offenders was 93.5% compared to 95.5% for non-Indigenous offenders. Twenty Indigenous offenders and 17 non-Indigenous offenders were released on statutory release in the last five years.
In 2018-19, Indigenous offenders accounted for 29.6% of federal incarcerated offenders serving determinate sentences while they accounted for 50.5% of offenders referred for detention and 49.4% of offenders detained.

Notes:

According to the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, an offender entitled to statutory release after serving two-thirds of the sentence may be held in custody until warrant expiry if it is established that the offender is likely to commit, before the expiry of his/her sentence, an offence causing death or serious harm, a serious drug offence or a sex offence involving a child.

Table E1: The number of initial detention reviews decreased
Year	Outcome of Initial Detention Reviews
	Detained				Statutory Release				Total		Total
	Ind.*	Non- Ind.**	Total	%	Ind.*	Non- Ind.**	Total	%	Ind.*	Non- Ind.**	Total
2004-05	72	153	225	91.1	6	16	22	8.9	78	169	247
2005-06	75	158	233	89.3	11	17	28	10.7	86	175	261
2006-07	67	155	222	88.8	4	24	28	11.2	71	179	250
2007-08	92	155	247	93.2	7	11	18	6.8	99	166	265
2008-09	109	147	256	95.9	5	6	11	4.1	114	153	267
2009-10	99	162	261	93.9	2	15	17	6.1	101	177	278
2010-11	113	126	239	94.5	5	9	14	5.5	118	135	253
2011-12	89	118	207	96.7	3	4	7	3.3	92	122	214
2012-13	91	141	232	98.3	4	0	4	1.7	95	141	236
2013-14	87	113	200	96.2	4	4	8	3.8	91	117	208
2014-15	70	94	164	94.3	5	5	10	5.7	75	99	174
2015-16	73	94	167	96.5	2	4	6	3.5	75	98	173
2016-17	55	76	131	97.0	2	2	4	3.0	57	78	135
2017-18	50	60	110	92.4	6	3	9	7.6	56	63	119
2018-19	38	39	77	90.6	5	3	8	9.4	43	42	85
Total	1,180	1,791	2,971	96.5	71	123	194	6.3	1,251	1,914	3,080

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

*Ind. is short form for Indigenous.

**non-Ind. is short form for non-Indigenous.

76% of judicial review hearings result in earlier parole eligibility

Figure E2

Judicial review hearings at the end of the fiscal year (2018-19)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Since the first judicial review hearing in 1987, there have been a total of 233 court decisions.
Of these cases, 75.5% of the court decisions resulted in a reduction of the period that must be served before parole eligibility.
Of the 650 offenders eligible to apply for a judicial review, 272 have already served 15 years of their sentence, whereas 378 have not.
Of the 176 offenders who had their parole eligibility date moved closer, 172 had reached their revised Day Parole eligibility date. Of these offenders, 165 were released on parole, and 117 were being actively supervised in the community.*
A higher percentage of second degree (83.3%) than first degree (74.6%) murder cases have resulted in a reduction of the period required to be served before parole eligibility.

Notes:

*Of the 48 offenders who were no longer under active supervision, five were in custody, 36 were deceased, six were deported, and one was unlawfully at large.

Judicial review is an application to the court for a reduction in the time required to be served before being eligible for parole. Judicial review procedures apply to offenders who have been sentenced to imprisonment for life without eligibility for parole until more than fifteen years of their sentence has been served. Offenders can apply when they have served at least 15 years of their sentence.

Judicial reviews are conducted in the province where the conviction took place.

Table E2 : 76% of judicial review hearings result in earlier parole eligibility
Judicial review hearings at the end of the fiscal year (2018-19)
Province/Territory of Judicial Review	Parole Ineligibility Reduced by Court		Reduction Denied by Court		Total
Province/Territory of Judicial Review	1st Degree Murder	2nd Degree Murder	1st Degree Murder	2nd Degree Murder	1st Degree Murder	2nd Degree Murder
Northwest Territories	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nunavut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yukon Territories	0	0	0	0	0	0
Newfoundland & Labrador	0	0	0	0	0	0
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nova Scotia	1	1	1	0	2	1
New Brunswick	1	0	0	0	1	0
Quebec	74	15	6	2	80	17
Ontario	23	0	29	1	52	1
Manitoba	8	3	1	0	9	3
Saskatchewan	7	0	3	0	10	0
Alberta	19	0	7	1	26	1
British Columbia	23	1	6	0	29	1
Sub-total	156	20	53	4	209	24
Total	176		57		233

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

These numbers represent total decisions at the end of fiscal year 2018-19.

Judicial reviews are conducted in the province where the conviction took place.

The number of dangerous offender designations

Figure E3

Number of dangerous offenders* designated- 10-year trend

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there have been 967 offenders designated as Dangerous Offenders (DOs) since 1978. Of these, 67.6% had at least one current conviction for a sexual offence.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 826 DOs under the responsibility of Correctional Service Canada, and of those, 79.3% had indeterminate sentences.
Of these 826 DOs, 726 were in custody (representing 5.1% of the total in-custody population) and 100 were in the community under supervision.
There were ten women offenders with a Dangerous Offender designation.
Indigenous offenders accounted for 35.5% of DOs and 25.2% of the total offender population.

Notes:

*A Dangerous Offender (DO) is an individual given an indeterminate or a determinate sentence on the basis of a particularly violent crime or pattern of serious violent offences where it is judged that the offender's behaviour is unlikely to be inhibited by normal standards of behavioural restraint (see section 753 of the Criminal Code of Canada).

The number of Dangerous Offenders designated per year does not include overturned decisions.

Offenders who have died since receiving designations are no longer classified as "active"; however, they are still represented in the above graph, which depicts the total number of offenders "designated". Dangerous Offender legislation came into effect in Canada on October 15, 1977, replacing the Habitual Offender and Dangerous Sexual Offender provisions that were abolished.

In addition to the DOs, there were 14 Dangerous Sexual Offenders and 3 offenders with an Habitual Offender designation under the responsibility of Correctional Service Canada at the end of fiscal 2018-19.

Determinate sentence for Dangerous Offenders must be a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years — and have an order that the offender be subject to long-term supervision for a period that does not exceed 10 years.

Table E3: The number of dangerous offender designations
Province/Territory of Designation	All Designations (Designated Since 1978)	Active Dangerous Offenders
Province/Territory of Designation	All Designations (Designated Since 1978)	# of Indeterminate Offenders	# of Determinate Offenders	Total
Newfoundland & Labrador	14	8	1	9
Nova Scotia	25	16	2	18
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	0
New Brunswick	8	4	0	4
Quebec	126	92	22	114
Ontario	411	271	81	352
Manitoba	29	25	2	27
Saskatchewan	104	58	36	94
Alberta	65	52	3	55
British Columbia	165	116	18	134
Yukon Territories	6	1	4	5
Northwest Territories	11	11	0	11
Nunavut	3	1	2	3
Total	967	655	171	826

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

Numbers presented are as of end of fiscal year 2018-19.

The number of Dangerous Offenders declared per year does not include overturned decisions.

Offenders who have died since receiving designations are no longer classified as "active"; however, they are still represented in the total number of offenders "designated".

Most long-term supervision orders are for a 10-year period

Figure E4

Number of Long-term Supervision Orders imposed

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, the courts had imposed 1,308 long-term supervision orders. Of these, 71.3% were for a period of 10 years.
At the end of fiscal year 2018-19, there were 915 offenders with long-term supervision orders under the responsibility of Correctional Service Canada, and of these, 581 (63.5%) had at least one current conviction for a sexual offence.
There were 18 women with long-term supervision orders under the responsibility of Correctional Service Canada.
There were 440 offenders being supervised in the community on their long-term supervision order at the end of the fiscal year 2018-19. Of these, 387 offenders were supervised in the community, six offenders were temporarily detained, 43 offenders were on remand, three offenders were unlawfully at large for less than 90 days and one offender was supervised and subject to an immigration hold by Canada Border Services Agency.

Notes:

Long-Term Supervision Order (LTSO) legislation, which came into effect in Canada on August 1, 1997, allows the court to impose a sentence of two years or more for the predicate offence and order that the offender be supervised in the community for a further period not exceeding 10 years.

Eighty-six offenders under these provisions have died, and 245 offenders have completed their long-term supervision period.

Remand is the temporary detention of a person while awaiting trial, sentencing or the commencement of a custodial disposition.

Table E4: Most long-term supervision orders are for a 10-year period
Province or Territory of Order	Length of Supervision Order (Years)												Current Status 2018-19
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Total	Incarcerated		DP, FP or SR*	LTSO period	LTSO interrupted**	Total
Sentencing Province
Newfoundland & Labrador	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	11	12	3		0	6	0	9
Nova Scotia	0	0	0	0	5	0	1	3	0	13	22	5		1	6	1	13
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	2	0		0	0	0	0
New Brunswick	0	0	1	0	2	0	0	1	0	8	12	3		0	1	3	7
Quebec	1	1	7	4	70	20	43	15	2	279	442	116		17	148	31	312
Ontario	0	0	1	7	20	14	21	26	0	290	379	76		16	150	35	277
Manitoba	0	0	0	0	1	2	3	1	0	38	45	9		0	8	8	25
Saskatchewan	0	1	0	1	11	9	13	12	2	80	129	42		10	32	18	102
Alberta	0	0	0	0	8	1	0	1	0	69	79	14		2	26	7	49
British Columbia	0	0	0	2	14	4	5	6	0	123	154	30		11	49	7	97
Yukon Territories	0	0	0	0	1	0	3	0	0	16	20	7		0	8	0	15
Northwest Territories	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	2	4	0		0	2	1	3
Nunavut	0	0	0	0	2	2	0	1	0	3	8	0		0	4	2	6
Total	1	2	9	14	136	53	89	67	4	933	1,308	305		57	440	113	915

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*This category includes offenders whose current status is either supervised on day parole (DP), full parole (FP) or statutory release (SR).

**This category includes offenders convicted of a new offence while on the supervision portion of an LTSO. When this occurs, the LTSO supervision period is interrupted until the offender has served the new sentence to its warrant expiry date. At that time, the LTSO supervision period resumes where it left off. From the 113, 92 offenders were in custody, 18 were supervised in the community on statutory release and three offenders were unlawfully at large.

Eighty-six offenders under these provisions have died, and 245 offenders have completed their long-term supervision period.

The number of record suspension applications received has decreased

Figure E5

Number of record suspension and pardon applications received*

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, the Board received 7,364 record suspension applications and accepted 5,420 applications for processing. The Board also received 6,462 pardon applications and accepted 5,249 pardon applications for processing. The acceptance rate was 77%.
In 2018-19, the Board rendered 4,444 pardon decisions, granting a pardon in 99% of cases and denying a pardon in 1% of cases.
In 2018-19, the Board made 6,253 record suspension decisions; 96% of record suspensions were ordered and 4% were refused.
Since 1970, when the pardon/record suspension process began, 535,615 pardons/record suspensions have been granted/issued and ordered.

Notes:

*Refers to pardon applications processed for residents of Ontario and British Columbia following the reversal of the amendments to the CRA (Canada Revenue Agency) by Supreme Court decisions in those provinces.

On March 13, 2012, Bill C-10 amended the CRA by replacing the term "pardon" with the term "record suspension". The Record Suspension and Clemency program involves the review of record suspension applications, the ordering of record suspensions and the making of clemency recommendations. The amendments to the CRA increased the waiting periods for a record suspension to five years for all summary convictions and to ten years for all indictable offences. Individuals convicted of sexual offences against minors (with certain exceptions) and those who have been convicted of more than three indictable offences, each with a sentence of two or more years, became ineligible for a record suspension.

Table E5: The number of record suspension applications received has decreased
Record Suspension Applications Processed	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19
Received	12,415	12,384	11,563	9,461	7,364
Accepted	9,071	8,917	8,191	7,167¹	5,420
% Accepted	73.1%	72.0%	70.8%	75.8%	73.6%
Record Suspensions
Ordered	8,422	8,428	8,340	7,038	6,026
Refused	726	525	439	142	227
Total Ordered/Refused	9,148	8,953	8,779	7,180	6,253
% Ordered	92.1%	94.1%	95.0%	98.0%	96.4%
Pardon Applications Processed
Received	--	--	--	5,200²	6,462²
Accepted	--	--	--	4,429²	5,249²
% Accepted	--	--	--	85.2%	81.2%
Pardons
Granted	5,625	1,628	3,740	222	2,630
Issued	--	--	--	1,734	1,772
Denied	681	349	125	133	42
Total Granted/Issued/Denied	6,306³	1,977³	3,865³	2,089²	4,444²
% Granted	89.2%	82.3%	96.8%	93.6%	99.1%
Pardon/Record Suspension Revocations/Cessations
Revocations⁴	438	670	501	85	58
Cessations	578	636	776	692	527
Total Revocations/Cessations	1,016	1,306	1,277	777	585
Cumulative # Granted/Issued and Ordered⁵	494,057	504,113	516,193	525,187	535,615
Cumulative # Revocations/Cessations⁵	23,337	24,643	25,920	26,697	27,282

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Notes:

¹Includes 638 record suspension applications that were discontinued and reclassified as pardon applications for residents of Ontario and British Columbia following the reversal of the amendments to the CRA by Supreme Court decisions in those provinces. ²Refers to pardon applications processed for residents of Ontario and British Columbia following the reversal of the amendments to the CRA by Supreme Court decisions in those provinces. ³Refers to pardon applications received on or before March 12, 2012 (C-10). ⁴Revocations fluctuate due to resource re-allocation to deal with backlogs. ⁵Cumulative data reflects activity since 1970, when the pardon process was established under the Criminal Records Act. On June 29, 2010, Bill C-23A amended the CRA by extending the ineligibility periods for certain applications for pardon. Additionally, the bill resulted in significant changes to program operations. The process was modified to include additional inquiries and new, more exhaustive investigations by staff for some applications and required additional review time by Board members. New concepts of merit and disrepute to the administration of justice form part of the statute. As a result of these new changes, application processing time increased. On March 13, 2012, Bill C-10 amended the CRA by replacing the term "pardon" with the term "record suspension". The Record Suspension and Clemency program involves the review of record suspension applications, the ordering of record suspensions and the making of clemency recommendations. The amendments to the CRA increased the waiting periods for a record suspension to five years for all summary convictions and to ten years for all indictable offences. Individuals convicted of sexual offences against minors (with certain exceptions) and those who have been convicted of more than three indictable offences, each with a sentence of two or more years, became ineligible for a record suspension.

Section F. Victims of Crime

Victimization rates for theft of personal property and assault decreased in 2014

Figure F1

Rate of victimization per 1,000 population

Source: General Social Survey, Statistics Canada, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014.

Victimization rates for theft of personal property were lower in 2014 than in previous years.
Victimization rates for assault were lower in 2014 than in previous years.
Since 1999, the rates of victimization for sexual assault have remained stable.

Notes:

The General Social Survey is administered every five years by Statistics Canada. Updated data were not available during the preparation of this report. It is anticipated that updated data will be available in 2020.

Assault data includes incidents of spousal violence. In previous editions of this document, the victimization data excluded incidents of spousal violence.

Rates are based on 1,000 population, 15 years of age and older, across the 10 provinces.

Table F1: Victimization rates for theft of personal property and assault decreased in 2014
Type of Incident	Year
Type of Incident	1999	2004	2009	2014
Theft of Personal Property	75	93	108	73
Sexual Assault	21	21	24	22
Robbery	9	11	13	6
Assault*	80	75	80	48

Source: General Social Survey, Statistics Canada, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014.

Notes:

*Assault data includes incidents of spousal violence. In previous editions of this document, the victimization data excluded incidents of spousal violence.

Rates are based on 1,000 population, 15 years of age and older, across the 10 provinces.

The majority of victims of violent crime are under age 30

Figure F2

Percentage of victims of violent crime by age group (2012)

Source: Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

More than half (51.9%) of all victims of violent crime reported in 2012 were under the age of 30, whereas 36.9% of the Canadian population is under the age of 30.*
Women aged 15 to 39 were more likely than men of that age to be victims of crime.
Canadians aged 65 and older, who account for 14.1% of the general population,* represent 2.4% of victims of crime.

Notes:

Updated data were not available during the preparation of this report.

*Population estimates are as of July 1, 2010.

The data excludes traffic violations, victims whose age is above 89, victims whose age is unknown and victims whose gender is unknown.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

Table F2: The majority of victims of violent crime are under age 30
Victims of violent crime by age group (2012)
Age of Victim	Men		Women		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%
0 to 4 years	1,761	1.0	2,053	1.1	3,814	1.1
5 to 9 years	3,803	2.2	3,724	2.0	7,527	2.1
10 to 14 years	11,716	6.7	12,109	6.5	23,825	6.6
15 to 19 years	25,294	14.4	27,674	14.9	52,968	14.6
20 to 24 years	24,712	14.1	29,380	15.8	54,092	15.0
25 to 29 years	21,477	12.2	23,897	12.9	45,374	12.5
30 to 34 years	17,282	9.8	20,001	10.8	37,283	10.3
35 to 39 years	14,829	8.4	17,403	9.4	32,232	8.9
40 to 44 years	14,607	8.3	15,456	8.3	30,063	8.3
45 to 49 years	13,568	7.7	13,038	7.0	26,606	7.4
50 to 54 years	10,965	6.2	9,051	4.9	20,016	5.5
55 to 59 years	6,983	4.0	5,149	2.8	12,132	3.4
60 to 64 years	4,081	2.3	2,792	1.5	6,873	1.9
65 to 69 years	2,321	1.3	1,605	0.9	3,926	1.1
70 to 74 years	1,128	0.6	977	0.5	2,105	0.6
75 and over	1,228	0.7	1,507	0.8	2,735	0.8
Total	175,755	100.0	185,816	100.0	361,571	100.0

Source: Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

Updated data were not available during the preparation of this report.

The data excludes traffic violations, victims whose age is above 89, victims whose age is unknown and victims whose gender is unknown.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

The majority of victims receiving services are victims of violent crime

Figure F3

Sources: Victim Services in Canada, 2011/2012; Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

On May 24, 2012, the Victim Services Survey snapshot day, 10,664 victims received formal assistance from a victim service office. This represents an increase of 12.7% from 9,462 on May 27, 2010. Of the 9,637 where the crime was known, the majority, 79.8% were victims of a violent crime.
Of the 9,709 cases in which gender of the victim was noted, women accounted for 74.9% of the victims who received formal assistance from a victim service office, and men represented 25.1%.
Of the 6,959 women who received formal assistance where the type of crime was known, 83.8% were victims of violent crime. A total of 2,105 women (30.2%) were victims of sexual assault.
Of the 2,359 men who received formal assistance where the type of crime was known, 69.2% were victims of violent crime. A total of 356 men (15.1%) were victims of sexual assault.

Notes:

Updated data were not available during the preparation of this report.

Victim services are defined as agencies that provide direct services to primary or secondary victims of crime, and that are funded in whole or in part by a ministry responsible for justice matters. Survey respondents included 684 victim service providers.

Table F3: The majority of victims receiving services are victims of violent crime
Type of Crime	Gender of Victim
Type of Crime	Women		Men		Not Reported		Total
Snapshot on May 27, 2010	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Homicide	154	2.4	70	3.3	3	0.5	227	2.5
Other offences causing death	95	1.5	77	3.7	8	1.4	180	2.0
Sexual assault	1,922	30.0	379	18.1	160	28.3	2,461	27.1
Other violent offences	3,323	51.8	917	43.8	262	46.4	4,502	49.6
Other criminal offences*	496	7.7	357	17.0	73	12.9	926	10.2
Other incidents**	421	6.6	295	14.1	59	10.4	775	8.5
Total without unknown	6,411	100.0	2,095	100.0	565	100.0	9,071	100.0
Unknown type of crime	197	—	81	—	113	—	391	—
Total	6,608		2,176		678		9,462
Snapshot on May 24, 2012
Homicide	179	2.6	126	5.3	3	0.9	308	3.2
Other offences causing death	90	1.3	47	2.0	0	0.0	137	1.4
Sexual assault	2,105	30.2	356	15.1	37	11.6	2,498	25.9
Other violent offences	3,461	49.7	1,103	46.8	179	56.1	4,743	49.2
Other criminal offences*	676	9.7	507	21.5	66	20.7	1,249	13.0
Other incidents**	448	6.4	220	9.3	34	10.7	702	7.3
Total without unknown	6,959	100.0	2,359	100.0	319	100.0	9,637	100.0
Unknown type of crime	310	—	81	—	636	—	1,027	—
Total	7,269		2,440		955		10,664

Sources: Victim Services in Canada, 2011/2012; Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Notes:

Updated data were not available during the preparation of this report.

*Other criminal offences include arson, property crimes, traffic offences, and other Criminal Code offences.

**Other incidents include those of a non-criminal nature as well as those that are still under investigation to determine if they are criminal offences.

The number of victims registered with the federal correctional system has increased

Figure F4

Number of registered victims*

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Since 2017-18, the number of victims registered with the federal correctional system has increased by 5.8%, from 8,053 to 8,517 in 2018-19.
In 2017-18 and 2018-19, the number of registered victims with the federal correctional system surpassed the target. In 2017-18, the number of registered victims recorded was 253 above the target. In 2018-19, the number of registered victims recorded was 17 above the target.
The estimated number of registered victims is expected to increase 4.5% from 8,517 in 2018-19 to 8,900 in 2019-20.

Notes:

*Indicator new as of the 2016-17 reporting cycle; therefore, data not available from 2013-14 to 2015-16.

A 'marker' was set for the new 2016-17 indicator, estimating the number of registered victims. This was done because CSC was changing from management of victim files within OMS, offender file based, to the newly built Victims Application Module (VAM), victim file based and no data was available until year end due to data migration. When Victim Services used OMS as its database, the prior indicator could not account for victims who were registered for more than one offender. Since the move to VAM, CSC can accurately capture the number of registered victims. For example, in the old system (OMS), one victim who was registered for six offenders would have counted as six registered victims; whereas in the new system (VAM), one registered victim who is registered for six offenders is accurately counted as one registered victim.

Table F4: The number of victims registered with the federal correctional system has increased
Year	Target	Number of Registered Victims	Marker
2015-16	N/A	N/A	7,500
2016-17*	7,500 Marker**	7,806***	- -
2017-18	7,800	8,053	- -
2018-19	8,500	8,517	- -
2019-20	8,900	- -	- -

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*Indicator new as of the 2016-17 reporting cycle; therefore, data not available from 2013-14 to 2015-16.

**A 'marker' was set for the new 2016-17 indicator, estimating the number of registered victims. This was done because CSC Services was changing from management of victim files within OMS, offender file based, to the newly built Victims Application Module (VAM), victim file based and no data was available until year end due to data migration.

***When Victim Services used OMS as its database, the prior indicator could not account for victims who were registered for more than one offender. Since the move to VAM, CSC can accurately capture the number of registered victims. For example, in the old system (OMS), one victim who was registered for six offenders would have counted as six registered victims; whereas in the new system (VAM), one registered victim who is registered for six offenders is accurately counted as one registered victim.

- - data not available.

74% of registered victims were victims of an offence causing death

Figure F5

Offences of victimization* (2015-16)

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Of the 8,303 registered victims, 74.1% (6,151) were victims of an offence that caused death.**
Victims of sexual offences (2,817) accounted for 33.9% of the registered victims.
Victims of assault (1,401) and victims of offences involving violence or threats (706) accounted for 16.9% and 8.5% of the registered victims.

Notes:

In 2016, CSC implemented the new Victims Application Module (VAM). Following some implementation and development challenges, CSC has worked towards greater stabilization of the VAM system. This caused a delay in the creation of a new reporting mechanism. For this reason, CSC is unable to report beyond the number of registered victims and is working to develop a new reporting mechanism for VAM.

In order to register to receive information under sections 26 and 142 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA), a person must meet the definition of a victim that appears in section 2, or subsections 26(3) or 142(3) of the Act. Victims can register with the Correctional Service of Canada or the Parole Board of Canada by completing a Victims Request for Information form, though a signed letter of request can be considered as meeting this requirement.

*Some victims were harmed by more than one offence; therefore, the number of Offences of Victimization are higher than the actual number of Registered Victims. The percentages represent the number of registered victims who were harmed by that offence.

**Under the CCRA, a person is a victim of a crime if: they are a spouse, conjugal partner, relative of, or person legally responsible for, a victim who has died.

Table F5 : 74% of registered victims were victims of an offence causing death
Type of Offence** That Harmed Victim*	2011-12		2012-13		2013-14		2014-15		2015-16
Type of Offence** That Harmed Victim*	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Offences Causing Death***	4,056	55.4	4,292	56.6	4,533	57.8	5,432	68.5	6,151	74.1
Sexual Offences	2,114	28.9	2,169	28.6	2,237	28.5	2,493	31.4	2,817	33.9
Assaults	998	13.6	965	12.7	941	12.0	1,178	14.9	1,401	16.9
Involving Violence or Threats	707	9.7	710	9.4	720	9.2	849	10.7	706	8.5
Property Crimes	534	7.3	551	7.3	541	6.9	617	7.8	558	6.7
Other Offences	452	6.2	441	5.8	475	6.1	583	7.4	377	4.5
Deprivation of Freedom	272	3.7	281	3.7	249	3.2	330	4.2	157	1.9
Attempts to Cause Death	241	3.3	246	3.2	283	3.6	299	3.8	318	3.8
Driving Offences	125	1.7	152	2.0	153	2.0	163	2.1	157	1.9
Offence Not Recorded	6	0.1	4	0.1	9	0.1	85	1.1	0	0.0
Total Number of Victims**	7,322		7,585		7,838		7,929		8,303

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Notes:

*In order to register to receive information under sections 26 and 142 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA), a person must meet the definition of a victim that appears in section 2, or subsections 26(3) or 142(3) of the Act. Victims can register with the Correctional Service of Canada or the Parole Board of Canada by completing a Victims Request for Information form, though a signed letter of request can be considered as meeting this requirement.

**Some victims were harmed by more than one offence; therefore, the number of Offences of Victimization are higher than the actual number of Registered Victims. The percentages represent the number of registered victims who were harmed by that offence.

***Under the CCRA, a person is a victim of a crime if: they are a spouse, conjugal partner, relative of, or person legally responsible for, a victim who has died.

51% of notifications to registered victims were temporary absences

Figure F6

Frequency of type of information disclosed (2015-16)

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

In 2015-16, information on Temporary Absences (50.5%) and Travel Permits (17.5%) were the most frequent pieces of information about offenders that were provided during a notification to registered victims. There has been a 44.6% increase in the number of pieces of information provided to registered victims during notifications from 123,136 in 2011-12 to 178,098 in 2015-16.

Notes:

Temporary absence information includes information on unescorted and escorted temporary absences and work release. Conditional release information includes information regarding day and full parole, statutory release, suspensions, detention, and long-term supervision orders. Sentencing information includes information on the offender's sentence, offender information, warrant expiry date, judicial review, and public domain. Disclosure means a type of information identified in section 26 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) that has been disclosed to a registered victim during a notification. As of December 2, 2011, as per Bill S6, Correctional Service Canada now provides information to some victims who are not registered which requires providing information to family members of murdered victims where the offender is still eligible to apply for Judicial Review including when the offender does not apply for a Judicial Review within the allotted time period, as well as the next date the offender can apply. Notification to unregistered victims are excluded for the data.

In order to register to receive information under sections 26 and 142 of the CCRA, a person must meet the definition of a victim that appears in section 2, or subsections 26(3) or 142(3) of the Act. Victims can register with the Correctional Service of Canada or the Parole Board of Canada by completing a Victims Request for Information form, though a signed letter of request can be considered as meeting this requirement.

Table F6: 51% of notifications to registered victims were temporary absences
Information disclosed to victim	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16
Temporary Absences	75,848	93,609	100,934	96,131	89,866
Travel Permits	10,877	28,763	34,294	34,501	31,176
Institutional Location	6,859	14,434	17,495	16,242	13,127
Program & Disciplinary Offence Information	--	11,208	14,826	16,790	13,092
Conditional Release	10,870	11,803	12,318	13,253	15,055
Sentencing Information	16,268	12,813	10,333	10,792	12,246
Custody	2,414	2,569	2,476	2,423	3,536
Total	123,136	175,199	192,676	190,132	178,098

Source: Correctional Service Canada.

Notes:

Temporary Absence information includes information on unescorted and escorted temporary absences and work release. Conditional Release information includes information regarding day and full parole, statutory release, suspensions, detention, and long-term supervision orders. Sentencing information includes information on the offender's sentence, offender information, warrant expiry date, judicial review, and public domain.

Disclosure means a type of information identified in section 26 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) that has been disclosed to a registered victim during a notification.

As of December 2, 2011, as per Bill S6, Correctional Service Canada now provides information to some victims who are not registered which requires providing information to family members of murdered victims where the offender is still eligible to apply for Judicial Review including when the offender does not apply for a Judicial Review within the allotted time period, as well as the next date the offender can apply. Notification to unregistered victims are excluded for the data.

In order to register to receive information under section 26 and 142 of the CCRA, a person must meet the definition of a victim that appears in section 2 or subsection 26(3) or 142(3) of the Act. Victims can register with the Correctional Service of Canada or the Parole Board of Canada by completing a Victims Request for Information form, though a signed letter of request can be considered as meeting this requirement.

Parole Board of Canada contacts with victims has increased

Figure F7

Total number of PBC contacts with victims

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, PBC reported 33,408 contacts* with victims, 38 more contacts compared to the previous year.
In the last 10 years, the number of PBC contacts with victims increased by 51% (11,227 more contacts).

Note:

*A victim contact refers to each time the Parole Board of Canada has contact with a victim by mail, fax, or by telephone.

Table F7 : Parole Board of Canada contacts with victims has increased
Year	Total Number of Contacts*
2009-10	22,181
2010-11	22,483
2011-12	21,449
2012-13	22,475
2013-14	22,323
2014-15	27,191
2015-16	29,771
2016-17	32,786
2017-18	33,370
2018-19	33,408

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Note:

*A victim contact refers to each time the Parole Board of Canada has contact with a victim by mail, fax, or by telephone.

Victims presenting a statement at PBC hearings

Figure F8

Total number of victim presentations vs. the number of hearings with victim presentations

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

In 2018-19, victims made 288 presentations (-12% or -40 from 2017-18) at 167 hearings (-8% or -14 from 2017-18).
In the last 10 years, the number of victims who present a statement at hearings has been fluctuating. The highest number (328) was recorded in 2017-18. In 2018-19, the number of victims who present a statement at hearings increased by 25% (57 more presentations) compared to 2009-10.
Between 2009-10 and 2018-19, the majority of presentations were done in person (89%) followed by presentations via video conferencing or teleconferencing (7%) and pre-recorded presentations (audiotape or videotape/DVD) (4%).
The major offence of victimization for victims making presentations in 2018-19 was most likely to have been murder (51%), sexual assault (13%), and manslaughter (10%).

Table F8: Victims presenting a statement at PBC hearings
Year	Number of Hearings with Presentations	Number of Presentations
2009-10	127	231
2010-11	137	237
2011-12	140	223
2012-13	140	254
2013-14	142	264
2014-15	128	231
2015-16	171	244
2016-17	149	244
2017-18	181	328
2018-19	167	288

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Victims requesting access to the decision registry

Figure F9

Total number of requests for access to the decision registry vs. requests for access made by victims

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Although from 2015-16 to 2016-17 there was a substantial decrease (-51.1%) in the number of requests for access to the decision registry* made by victims, for the following two years the number of requests increased, from 2,169 in 2016-17 to 2,227 (+2.7%) in 2017-18, and from 2,227 in 2017-18 to 2,601 (+16.8%) in 2018-19.
When averaged over the last ten years (between 2009-10 and 2018-19), 53.9% of request for access to the decision registry were made by victims.

Notes:

Victims also include victims' agents and victims' organizations.

*Since November 1, 1992, the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) requires the Parole Board of Canada (PBC) to maintain a registry of its decisions along with the reasons for those decisions. Anyone may request, in writing, a copy of these decisions.

Table F9 : Victims requesting access to the decision registry
Year	Request made by victims*		Total number of requests
Year	#	%	Total number of requests
2009-10	2,803	50.1	5,591
2010-11	2,914	52.5	5,550
2011-12	2,970	56.5	5,252
2012-13	3,214	55.0	5,848
2013-14	3,474	55.1	6,309
2014-15	3,608	54.3	6,640
2015-16	4,436	61.0	7,276
2016-17	2,169	48.2	4,502
2017-18	2,227	49.9	4,467
2018-19	2,601	52.4	4,967

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

Note:

*Also include victims' agents and victims' organizations.

Date modified:: 2022-07-22