2020 Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview

Preface

The purpose of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview (CCRSO) is to assist the public in understanding statistical information on corrections and conditional release. A primary consideration in producing the CCRSO was to present general statistical information in a user friendly way that will facilitate understanding by a broad audience. There are several features of this document that make it different from typical statistical reports:

• The visual representation of the statistics is simple and uncluttered, and under each chart there are a few key points that will assist the reader in extracting information from the chart.
• For each chart there is a table of numbers corresponding to the visual representation. In some instances, the table includes additional numbers, e.g., a five-year series, even though the chart depicts the data for the most recent year (e.g., Figure A2).
• Rather than using the conventional headings for statistics (e.g., "Police-reported crime rate by year by type of crime") titles for charts and tables inform the reader about the matter at hand (e.g., "Police-reported crime rate has declined").
• Only notes that were judged as essential for the reader to understand the statistics were included.
• The source of the statistics is indicated under each chart so that the interested reader can easily access more information.

The data used in the CCRSO reflects the most recent data available at the time of publication. For much of the report the data is available from 2020 (or if the data follows the fiscal year from April 1 2019 - March 31 2020), for other data there is a lag in reporting so the most recent data is from 2019 (or April 1 2018 – March 31 2020). There are a few figures where the cycle of data collection is more infrequent, for example the victim module of the General Social Survey is administered on a 5-year cycle.

The CCRSO has been published annually since 1998. Some notable updates in the current 2020 CCRSO include 8 new tables and figures in Section F: Victims of Crime. Also, tables and figures with older data that could not be updated due to discontinued surveys or data collected (e.g., Statistics Canada Victim Services Survey) were removed.

The total Crime Rates presented in the CCRSO differs from the crime rates reported by Statistics Canada. This difference is due to the CCSRSO including traffic offences in the Canadian Criminal Code and violations of federal statutes in the total crime rate that are excluded in the rates published by Statistics Canada.

The format of this document has been updated to optimize the user experience by implementing industry-standard data visualization techniques to improve accessibility and usability. For more information, see the Standard on Web Accessibility and the Standard on Web Usability.

To continually improve this annual publication, we welcome your comments. Once you have finished consulting the CCRSO, please fill out our short online survey. If the hyperlink does not work, please email your responses to our survey questions to PS.CPBResearch-RechercheSPC.SP@ps-sp.gc.ca.

Any other correspondence regarding this report, including permission to use tables and figures should be directed to PS.CPBResearch-RechercheSPC.SP@ps-sp.gc.ca.

Contributing Partners

Public Safety Canada

Public Safety Canada (PS) is Canada's lead federal department for public safety, which includes emergency management, national security and community safety. Its many responsibilities include developing legislation and policies that govern corrections, implementing innovative approaches to community justice, and providing research expertise and resources to the corrections community.

Correctional Service Canada

The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) is the federal government agency responsible for administering sentences of a term of two years or more, as imposed by the courts. CSC is responsible for managing institutions of various security levels and supervising offenders under conditional release in the community.

Parole Board of Canada

The Parole Board of Canada (PBC) is an independent administrative tribunal responsible for making decisions about the timing and conditions of release of offenders into the community on various forms of conditional release. The Board also makes pardon, record suspension and expungement decisions and recommendations respecting clemency through the Royal Prerogative of Mercy.

Office of the Correctional Investigator

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) is an ombudsman for federal offenders. It conducts investigations into the problems of offenders related to decisions, recommendations, acts or omissions of the Correctional Service of Canada that affect offenders individually or as a group.

Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics (Statistics Canada)

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics (CCJCSS) is a division of Statistics Canada. The CCJCSS is the focal point of a federal-provincial-territorial partnership, known as the National Justice Statistics Initiative, for the collection of information on the nature and extent of crime and the administration of civil and criminal justice in Canada.

Section A. Context – Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Police-reported crime rate

Image description

Figure A1: Police-reported crime rate per 100,000 population

Year	Violent	Property	Traffic	Other CCCFigure A1 footnote *	Drugs	Other Fed. StatutesFigure A1 footnote **	Total Charged
2010	1,292	3,838	420	1,029	321	61	6,961
2011	1,236	3,536	424	1,008	330	60	6,594
2012	1,199	3,438	407	1,001	317	67	6,429
2013	1,096	3,154	387	956	311	52	5,956
2014	1,044	3,100	365	918	295	49	5,771
2015	1,070	3,231	353	930	280	51	5,915
2016	1,076	3,239	346	982	267	59	5,970
2017	1,113	3,266	343	997	254	69	6,042
2018	1,152	3,349	340	1,013	229	58	6,141
2019	1,277	3,511	364	1,087	187	53	6,479

Figure A1 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• The overall police-reported crime rate in 2019 increased 9.5% from 2015 (5,915 per 100,000 in 2015 to 6,479 in 2019), but remained 6.9% lower than 2010 (6,961 per 100,000 in 2010).
• Property crime followed a similar pattern, with an 8.7% increase from 2015 to 2019, but remained 8.7% lower than 2010 (3,838 per 100,000 in 2010 to 3,511 in 2019).
• The crime rate for drug offences decreased 33.2% from 2015 to 2019. A 41.7% decrease was observed between 2010 and 2019 (321 per 100,000 population to 187).
• The rate of violent crime increased 19.3% between 2015 from 1,070 per 100,000 to 1,277 in 2019. The 2019 rate was slightly lower (1.2%) than 2010.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

Comparable data for police-reported crime are only available starting in 1998 due to changes from Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) to the (UCR2) and revisions by Statistics Canada to definitions for Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total Other Federal Statutes to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview. These crime statistics are based on crimes that are reported to the police. Since not all crimes are reported to the police, these figures underestimate actual crime. See Figure F1 for rates based on victimization surveys (drawn from the General Social Survey), an alternative method of measuring crime.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A1 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

Comparable data for police-reported crime are only available starting in 1998 due to changes from Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) to the (UCR2) and revisions by Statistics Canada to Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total Other Federal Statutes to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Rates are based on incidents reported per 100,000 population.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Crime rates were higher in the West and highest in the North

Image description

Figure A2 Crime rate per 100,000 population 

Province/Territory	2019 Number
Canada	6,487
YK (Yukon )	26,776
NT (Northwest Territories)	55,582
NU (Nunavut)	48,502
BC (British Columbia)	9,647
AB (Alberta)	9,962
SK (Saskatchewan)	12,820
MB (Manitoba)	10,845
ON (Ontario)	4,534
QC (Quebec)	4,079
NB (New Brunswick)	6,270
NS (Nova Scotia)	5,849
PE (Prince Edward Island)	6,272
NL (Newfoundland & Labrador)	6,672

Figure A2 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Crime rates were higher in the west and highest in the territories. This general pattern has been stable over time.
• The Canadian crime rate increased 9.3% from 5,934 per 100,000 in 2015 to 6,487 in 2019.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the Crime Rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A2 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the Crime Rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Prison population across Western and European countries

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Figure A3 Prison population per 100,000 (2020)

MedianFigure A3 footnote *	90
United States	639
New Zealand	188
Australia	160
Scotland	136
England & Wales	131
Canada	104
Austria	95
France	90
Italy	89
Switzerland	80
Germany	69
Denmark	68
Sweden	68
Finland	53
Norway	49

Figure A3 Notes:

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved January 13, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

• Canada's incarceration rate was 104 per 100,000. When ranked from highest to lowest, Canada's prison population rate was ranked 143 of 223 countries. Canada's incarceration rate is higher than the average of western countries^{Figure A3 footnote *}, but much lower than the United States where the most recent incarceration rate was 639 per 100,000.
• Norway's incarceration rate was 49 per 100,000, the lowest incarceration rate among western European countries.

The incarceration rate presented here is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population. Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief hosted by the Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. The data was retrieved online on January 13, 2021 from http://www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up-to-date information available. Additionally, different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

Table A3 Notes:

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved January 15, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

The incarceration rate presented here is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population. Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. For 2020, the data was retrieved online on January 15, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up to date information available. Different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

Canada's incarceration rate has fluctuated in the last 10 years

Image description

Figure A4 Prison population rate per 100,000

	United States	New Zealand	Canada	Finland	Norway
2011	743	199	117	59	73
2012	730	194	114	59	73
2013	716	192	118	58	72
2014	707	190	118	55	75
2015	698	190	106	57	71
2016	693	203	114	55	74
2017	666	214	114	57	74
2018	655	214	114	51	63
2019	655	201	107	53	60
2020	639	188	104	53	49

Figure A4 Notes:

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved January 15, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

• Since 2009, Canada's incarceration rate decreased 11.1%, from 117 per 100,000 to 104 in 2020. This was the largest decline during this period.
• Since 2011, the incarceration rate of the United States has steadily declined. It decreased 14.0% from 743 per 100,000 in 2011 to 639 per 100,000 in 2020.
• Over the same period, New Zealand's incarceration rate decreased 5.5% from 199 to 188 per 100,000.
• Norway's incarceration rate decreased 32.9% from 73 per 100,000 in 2011 to 49 per 100,000 in 2020.
• Since 2011, Finland's incarceration rate has remained fairly stable.

The incarceration rate presented here is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population. Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief hosted by the Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. The data was retrieved online on February 20, 2020 from http://www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up-to-date information available. Different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

Table A4 Notes:

Source: World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR) (retrieved January 15, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total).

The incarceration rate presented here is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population.

Incarceration rates from the World Prison Brief are based on the most recently available data at the time the list was compiled. For 2020, the data was retrieved online on January 13, 2021 at www.prisonstudies.org which contains the most up to date information available. Additionally, different practices and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

The rate of adults charged

Image description

Figure A5 Rate of adults charged per 100,000 adult population

Year	Total Charged	Other CCCFigure A5 footnote *	Violent	Property	Traffic	Drugs	Total Other Fed. Stat.Figure A5 footnote **
2010	2,122	545	576	473	295	211	22
2011	2,023	527	548	441	271	213	23
2012	2,008	536	541	434	269	203	25
2013	1,901	519	505	417	242	200	18
2014	1,845	520	489	399	233	191	13
2015	1,866	535	501	403	230	182	15
2016	1,912	609	511	381	222	171	18
2017	1,902	635	515	375	208	157	12
2018	1,923	661	523	385	203	138	13
2019	1,986	679	560	407	214	112	14

Figure A5 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• The rate of adults charged increased 6.4% from 2015 to 2019 (1,866 per 100,000 to 1,986). The 2019 rate was 6.4% lower than 2010 (2,122 per 100,000).
• The rate of adults charged with violent crimes increased 11.8% from 2015 to 2019 (501 per 100,000 to 560 per 100,000). The 2019 rate is 2.8% lower than 2010 (576 adults per 100,000).
• The rate of other Criminal Code offences* increased by 26.9% between 2015 to 2019 (from 535 adults per 100,000 to 679 in 2019).
• The rate of adults charged for property offences in 2019 (407 per 100,000) was similar to 2015 (403 per 100,000) and was 14.0% lower than 2010 (473 adults per 100,000).

Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

The definitions for Violent, Property and Other Criminal Code offences have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment.

Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle thefts, other thefts, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A5 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada

Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada.

The definitions for Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total other federal statutes have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Due to rounding, rates may not add up to totals.

Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment.

Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Common assault, impaired driving, and theft were the three most frequent cases in adult courts

Image description

Figure A6 Percentage of Criminal Code and Other Federal Statute Charges (2018-19)

Type of Charge	Percent
Crimes Against the Person	26.17
Most Common Crime Against the Person: Common Assault (Level 1)	10.24
Crimes Against Property	23.37
Most Common Crime Against Property: Theft	9.01
Administration of JusticeFigure A6 footnote *	21.56
Most Common Administration of Justice*: Fail to Comply with Order	8.79
Other Criminal CodeFigure A6 footnote **	6.95
Most Common Other Criminal Code**: Residual Criminal Code	3.40
Criminal Code Traffic	12.55
Most Common Criminal Code Traffic: Impaired Driving	9.82
Other Federal StatutesFigure A6 footnote ***	9.41
Most Common Other Federal StatuesFigure A6 footnote ***: Residual Federal Statutes	4.81

Figure A6 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Common assault (Level 1) (10.2%), theft (9.0%) and impaired driving (9.8%) were the most frequent cases in adult courts in 2018-19.
• Administration of justice cases (offences related to case proceedings such as failure to appear in court, failure to comply with a court order, breach of probation, and unlawfully at large) accounted for 21.6% of cases completed in adult criminal courts. Breach of probation (8.3%) and failure to comply with a court order (8.8%) combined accounted for 17.1% of total cases in adult court.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition. Where a case has more than one charge, it is necessary to select a charge to represent the case. An offence is selected by applying two rules. First, the "most serious decision" rule is applied. In cases where two or more offences have the same decision, the "most serious offence" rule is applied. All charges are ranked according to an offence seriousness scale. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A6 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected. The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

Due to rounding, percentages may not add up to 100 percent.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Most adult custodial sentences ordered by the court were short

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Figure A7 Length of prison sentence ordered by the court (2018-19)

1 month or less
Sex	Percent
Males	49.5
Females	59.4
More than 1 month up to 6 months
Sex	Percent
Males	29.9
Females	23.9
More than 6 months up to 12 months
Sex	Percent
Males	5.4
Females	3.3
More than 1 year up to less than 2 years
Sex	Percent
Males	3.2
Females	1.8
2 years or More
Sex	Percent
Males	3.7
Females	2.1
Length unknown
Sex	Percent
Males	8.3
Females	9.5

Figure A7 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0032-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Just under half (47.0%) of all custodial sentences imposed by adult criminal courts were one month or less. Prison sentences for males tended to be longer than for females.
• 59.4% of females and 49.5% of males who were incarcerated following a guilty^{Figure A7 footnote *} finding received a sentence of one month or less, and 83.3% of females and 79.4% of males received a sentence of six months or less.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A7 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0032-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In addition, information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

Due to rounding, totals may not add up to 100 percent.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Few cases with guilty findings have resulted in admissions to federal jurisdiction

Image description

Figure 8 Cases in adult criminal court and admissions to custody (2018-19)

Total cases in Adult Court	309,664
Cases with Guilty Findings in Adult Criminal Court	190,671
Cases without Guilty Findings in Criminal Court	118,993
Total admissions to custody	77,331
Warrant of Committal-Admission to FED (CSC)Figure A8 footnote *	5,019
Sentenced Admissions to Provincial/Territorial Custody	72,312

Figure A8 Notes:

Sources:
Table 35-10-0027-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada;
Table 35-10-0018-01, Adult Correctional Services, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada;
Correctional Service of Canada.

• During 2019-20, there were 4,595 warrant of committal admissions to a federal institution or Healing Lodge.
• In 2018-19, there were 190,671 cases with guilty findings^{Figure A8 footnote **} in adult criminal court.
• In 2018-19, there were 72,312 sentenced admissions to provincial/territorial custody, compared to 5,019 warrant of committal admissions for offenders sentenced to a federal institution or Healing Lodge.

This figure only includes cases in provincial court and partial data from Superior Court. Superior Court data are not reported to the Integrated Criminal Court Survey for Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Information from Quebec's municipal courts is not collected.

These numbers refer to the total number of admissions to a federal institution or Healing Lodge during each fiscal year and may be greater than the actual number of offenders admitted, since an individual offender may be admitted more than once in a given year. 

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition.

Court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

There is a lag in the data entry of admissions into CSC's Offender Management System. The admission figures for the most recent year are under-reported by 200-400 at the time of our year end extraction. More accurate figures will be available in the next year's publication. Please use caution when including the most recent year in any trend analysis.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A8 Notes:

Police data are reported on a calendar year basis whereas court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

These numbers refer to the total number of admissions to a federal institution or Healing Lodge during each fiscal year and may be greater than the actual number of offenders admitted, since an individual offender may be admitted more than once in a given year. 

There is a lag in the data entry of admissions into CSC's Offender Management System. The admission figures for the most recent year are under-reported by 200-400 at the time of our year end extraction. More accurate figures will be available in the next year's publication. Please use caution when including the most recent year in any trend analysis.  

The rate of youth charged has continued to decline

Image description

Figure A9 Rate of youth charged per 100,000 youth population

Year	Total Charged	Violent	Other Criminal CodeFigure A9 footnote *	Property	Drugs	Traffic
2010	2,912	860	669	1,035	255	62
2011	2,698	806	636	904	263	58
2012	2,554	765	629	842	240	58
2013	2,252	692	554	722	229	45
2014	2,022	625	526	625	198	42
2015	1,948	614	518	603	159	44
2016	1,795	634	512	503	135	40
2017	1,769	668	482	459	117	37
2018	1,628	668	425	407	90	33
2019	1,534	712	383	353	48	33

Figure A9 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Since 2010, the rate of youth^{Figure A9 footnote **} charged decreased by 47.3%, from 2,912 per 100,000 youth to 1,534 in 2019.
• There was 16.0% increase in the rate of youth charged with a violent crime between 2015 to 2019 (from 614 per 100,000 to 712). The rate of youth charged with violent crimes remains 17.2% lower than 2010 when it was 860 per 100,000.
• Since 2010, the rate of youth charged with property crimes decreased by 65.9%, dropping from 1,035 per 100,000 youth to 353 in 2019. Over the same time period, the rate of youth charged with drug offences decreased by 81.2% from 255 per 100,000 youth to 48 in 2019.

Rates are based on 100,000 youth population (12 to 17 years old). Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment. Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson. Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada. In addition, the definitions for Violent, Property and Other Criminal Code offences have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A9 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0177-01, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Unlike Statistics Canada, the total crime rate in the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview includes traffic offences and violations of federal statutes to provide a measure of all criminal offences. As a result, the Total Crime Rate reported here is higher than that reported by Statistics Canada. In addition, the definitions for Violent, Property, Other Criminal Code offences, and Total other federal statutes have been revised by Statistics Canada to better reflect definitions used by the policing community. As a result of these changes, comparable data are only available starting in 1998 and the data presented in this year's report are not comparable to the data reported in previous versions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview. Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, extortion, robbery, firearms, and other violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment. Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle theft, other theft, possession of stolen property, fraud, mischief and arson.

For criminal justice purposes, youth are defined under Canadian law as persons age 12 to 17.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

The most frequent youth court case was common assault

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Figure A10 Percentage of all Criminal Code and other federal statute charges (2018-19)

	Percent
Crimes Against the Person	41.2
Most Common Crime Against the Person: Common Assault	10.8
Crimes Against Property	29.3
Most Commin Crime Against Property: Theft	9.8
Administration of JusticeFigure A10 footnote *	8.7
Most Common Administration of JusticeFigure A10 footnote *: Failure to Comply with Order	5.6
Other Criminal CodeFigure A10 footnote **	6.7
Most Common Other Criminal CodeFigure A10 footnote **: Weapons/Firearms	5.2
Other Federal StatutesFigure A10 footnote ***	12.4
Most Common Other Federal StatuesFigure A10 footnote ***: Youth Criminal Justice ActFigure A10 footnote ****	7.5
Criminal Code Traffic	1.7

Source: Table 35-10-0038-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Common assault was the most frequent case in youth court (10.8%), closely followed by theft (9.8%).
• Homicides and related offences accounted for 0.2% of all youth cases.

Figure A10 Notes:

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition. Where a case has more than one charge, it is necessary to select a charge to represent the case. An offence is selected by applying two rules. First, the "most serious decision" rule is applied. In cases where two or more offences have the same decision, the "most serious offence" rule is applied. All charges are ranked according to an offence seriousness scale.

The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A10 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0038-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007. A case is one or more charges against an accused person or corporation, processed by the courts at the same time, and where all of the charges in the case received a final disposition. Where a case has more than one charge, it is necessary to select a charge to represent the case. An offence is selected by applying two rules. First, the "most serious decision" rule is applied. In cases where two or more offences have the same decision, the "most serious offence" rule is applied. All charges are ranked according to an offence seriousness scale. The Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics continues to make updates to the offence library used to classify offence data sent by the provinces and territories. These improvements have resulted in minor changes in the counts of charges and cases as well as the distributions by type of offence. Data presented have been revised to account for these updates.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

The most common sentence for youth was probation

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Figure A11 Percentage of sentence received in youth court

Type of Sentence	Year
	2014-15 Percent	2015-16 Percent	2016-17 Percent	2017-18 Percent	2018-19 Percent
Probation	57.2	56.3	57.3	58.5	59
Other SentenceFigure A11 footnote *	35.2	36.7	37.3	41.1	42.3
Community Service Order	24.4	22.4	22.9	23	21.7
Custody	14.9	15.5	13	12.8	12
Deferred Custody and Supervision	4.1	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.4
Fine	2.8	2.9	2.5	2.2	2.2

Figure A11 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0041-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• In 2018-19, 12.0% of all guilty cases resulted in the youth being sentenced to custody.
• In 2018-19, 59.0% of youth found guilty were sentenced to probation.

Cases can have more than one sentence. Therefore, sanctions are not mutually exclusive and will not add to 100%. For all sentencing tables, data are for cases with a guilty finding only. Sentencing information is not available for a small proportion of guilty cases (i.e., approximately 3%, overall). For all sentencing tables, data are for cases with a guilty finding only and for which sentencing information is reported.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A11 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0041-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Cases can have more than one sentence. Therefore, sanctions are not mutually exclusive and will not add to 100%. For all sentencing tables, data are for cases with a guilty finding only. Sentencing information is not available for a small proportion of guilty cases (i.e., approximately 3%, overall). For all sentencing tables, data are for cases with a guilty finding only and for which sentencing information is reported.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

When considering the most serious sentence in a case, probation was the most common sentence for youth

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Figure A12 Percentage of youth court sentence for most serious sentence

Type of Sentence	Year
	2014-15 Percent	2015-16 Percent	2016-17 Percent	2017-18 Percent	2018-19 Percent
Probation	48.4	47.0	49.6	50.3	50.9
Custody	14.9	15.5	13.0	12.7	12.0
Community Service Order	8.6	8.5	8.7	8.3	7.5
Deferred Custody and Supervision	3.9	4.3	4.5	4.7	4.3
Fine	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.0	1.8
Other sentenceFigure A12 footnote **	16.9	17.5	17.2	17.9	19.2

Figure A12 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0042-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• In 2018-19, 50.9% of youth found guilty were given probation as the most serious sentence. This rate has remained relatively stable since the implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in April 2003.
• Of the Youth Criminal Justice Act sentences, deferred custody and supervision orders were handed down least frequently. In 2018-19, 4.3% of all guilty cases received such an order as the most serious sentence.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

Figure A12 in the 2020 CCRSO aligns with data provided in A11 in CCRSO reports prior to 2020.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table A12 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0042-01, Integrated Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

The concept of a case has changed to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Integrated Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview prior to 2007.

Table A12 in the 2020 CCRSO aligns with data provided in A11 in CCRSO reports prior to 2020.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Section B. Corrections Administration

Correction costs federally and provincially/territorially

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Figure B1: Costs of federal and provincial/territorial corrections

Year	Federal Operating Costs	Federal Adjusted CostsFigure B1 footnote *	Provincial/Territorial Operating Costs	Provincial/Territorial Adjusted CostsFigure B1 footnote *
2009-10	2,317,117	2,025,452	1,878,204	1,641,787
2010-11	2,429,965	2,085,807	1,917,557	1,645,972
2011-12	2,715,886	2,265,126	2,021,627	1,686,094
2012-13	2,693,043	2,193,032	2,057,391	1,675,400
2013-14	2,805,418	2,240,749	2,159,641	1,724,953
2014-15	2,424,744	1,915,280	2,212,026	1,747,256
2015-16	2,235,401	1,740,967	2,369,076	1,845,075
2016-17	2,255,848	1,729,945	2,445,894	1,875,686
2017-18	2,490,188	1,866,708	2,559,582	1,918,727
2018-19	2,405,581	1,803,284	2,692,706	2,018,520

Figure B1 Notes:

Source: Table 35-10-0013-01, Adult Correctional Services, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Costs of federal corrections were $2.41 billion in 2018-19. This was a 3.5% decrease compared to the prior year and is 3.8% higher than 2009-2010.
• Costs of provincial/territorial corrections were about $2.7 billion in 2018-19. This represented a 5.2% increase from 2017-18 and a 43.4% increase since 2009-2010.

Federal expenditures on corrections include spending by Correctional Service Canada (CSC), the Parole Board of Canada (PBC), and the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI). Total expenditures represent gross expenditures and exclude revenues. Operating costs include Employee Benefit Plan expenditures. CSC expenditures exclude CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within penitentiaries).

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Notes:

Sources: Table 35-10-0013-01, Adult Correctional Services, Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, Statistics Canada; Correctional Service Canada; Office of the Correctional Investigator; Parole Board of Canada.

Due to rounding, constant dollar amounts may not add up to "Total".

Constant dollars represent dollar amounts calculated on a one-year base (2002) that adjusts for inflation allowing the yearly amounts to be directly comparable. Changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) were used to calculate constant dollars. The CPI rate for the 2020 CCRSO was based on an average of the monthly CPI for the fiscal year rather than calendar year. This limits comparability to CCRSO reports prior to 2020.

Costs are rounded to the thousands. Therefore, the per capita rate needs to be multiplied by 1000.

NA is the short form for not applicable.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

CSC employees were concentrated in custody centres

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Figure B2 CSC employees at the end of fiscal year (2019-20)

	Percent	Employees
Community Supervision	8.6	1,486
Custody Centres	76.7	13,215
Headquarters and Central Services	14.7	2,537

Figure B2 Notes:

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

• The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) had a total staff of 17,238.
• Approximately 77% of CSC staff worked in institutions.
• Staff employed in community supervision accounted for 9% of the total.

Due to changes in policy, Correctional Officers no longer occupy positions in the community.

CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent indeterminate and term equal to, or more than 3 months of substantive employment; and employee status of active and paid leave current up to March 31, 2020.

Due to rounding, the percentage may not add to 100.

Table B2 Notes:

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

Due to changes in policy, Correctional Officers no longer occupy positions in the community.

CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent indeterminate and term equal to, or more than 3 months of substantive employment; and employee status of active and paid leave current up to March 31, 2020.

Due to rounding, the percentage may not add to 100.

The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has remained relatively steady in the past 5 years

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Federal average daily inmate cost (current $)

Year	Women	Total	Men
2014-15	585	326	315
2015-16	528	319	309
2016-17	525	319	308
2017-18	581	344	332
2018-19	559	329	318

Figure B3 Notes:

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

• The federal average daily inmate cost increased from $326 in 2014-15 to $330 in 2018-19. In 2018-19, the annual average cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated was $120,589 per year, an increase from $119,152 per year in 2014-15. In 2018-19, the annual average cost of keeping a male incarcerated was $116,294 per year, whereas the annual average cost for incarcerating a female was $204,474.
• The cost associated with maintaining an offender in the community was 73.4% less than to maintain an offender in custody ($32,037 per year versus $120,589 per year).

In 2018-19, the methodology of presentation for certain indirect costs was changed to better reflect the direct costs of maintaining an offender.

The average daily inmate cost includes those costs associated with the operation of the institutions such as salaries and employee benefit plan contributions, but excludes capital expenditures and expenditures related to CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within federal institutions).

Total incarcerated and community includes additional NHQ & RHQ administrative costs which are not part of the Institutional and/or Community calculations. Offenders in the Community includes: Offenders on conditional release, statutory release or with Long-Term Supervision Order, under CSC supervision.

Figures may not add due to rounding.

The figure includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

Table B3 Notes:

Source: Correctional Service of Canada.

In 2018-19, the methodology of presentation for certain indirect costs was changed to better reflect the direct costs of maintaining an offender.

The average daily inmate cost includes those costs associated with the operation of the institutions such as salaries and employee benefit plan contributions, but excludes capital expenditures and expenditures related to CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within federal institutions).

Figures may not add to total due to rounding.

The table includes data from the most recent year available at the time of publication.

The number of Parole Board of Canada employees

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Figure B4 Full-time equivalents^{Figure B4 footnote *} – 10-year trend

Year	Full-Time Equivalents
2010-11	438
2011-12	461
2012-13	468
2013-14	505
2014-15	495
2015-16	475
2016-17	480
2017-18	471
2018-19	481
2019-20	499

Notes:

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

• In 2019-20, the full-time equivalents^{Figure B4 footnote *} used by the Parole Board of Canada increased by 3.7% to 499 compared to 2018-19.

Table B4 Note:

Source: Parole Board of Canada.

The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator

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Figure B5 Full-time equivalents

Year	Total
2010-11	30
2011-12	32
2012-13	36
2013-14	36
2014-15	36
2015-16	36
2016-17	36
2017-18	36
2018-19	39
2019-20	40

Figure B5 Notes:

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

• In 2019-20, the total number of full-time equivalents at the Office of the Correctional Investigator increased by 1 (1 in Senior Management and Investigative Services) from 39 (2018-19) to 40 employees total.

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Table B5 Notes:

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Health care was the most common area of offender complaint received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator

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Figure B6 Ten most common offender complaints in 2019-20

Category of Complaint	2019-20
Health Care	688
Staff	560
Conditions of Confinement	502
Cell Effects	388
Transfer	368
Request for Information	245
Safety/Security of Offender(s)	230
Visits	209
Telephone	185
Security Classification	136

Figure B6 Notes:

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

• There were 5,566 complaints/enquiries received at the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) in 2019-20.
• Health care (12.4%), staff (10.1%), conditions of confinement (9.0%), and cell effects (7.0%), accounted for 38.4% of all complaints.
• Health care remained the most common offender complaint in the last 5 years.

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Table B6 Notes:

Source: Office of the Correctional Investigator.

The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Due to ongoing efforts at the OCI (Office of the Correctional Investigator) to streamline our administrative database and ensure accuracy in reporting, the numbers in this table will not always match those of past Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overviews, or OCI Annual Reports.

Section C. Offender Population

Offenders under the responsibility of CSC

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Figure C1 Total offender population (2019-20)

Status	Percent
In-Custody Population (CSC Facility) Incarcerated in CSC Facility Temporarily Detained in CSC Facility	59.4
In Community under Supervision Temporarily Detained in Non-CSC Facility Actively Supervised Day Parole Full Parole Statutory Release Long-Term Supervision Order	40.6